What is biology?
the scientific study of life
Properties of life
-order
-reproduction
-growth and development
-energy processing
-regulation
-response to the environment
-evolutionary adaptation
Organization
Hierarchy: molecules, cell tissues, organs, organ systems, organism, population, community, ecosystem
Difference between population and community
Population in one species- community is all the living things in that environment
Energy flows from..
the producers to primary consumers to secondary consumer
3 domains
Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
Difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Prokaryotes do not have membrane bound organelles like the nucleus
Plantae
Photosynthetic autotrophs- make their own food using light
Animalia
Heterotrophs- must obtain food by eating
Different approaches to studying science (discovery vs. hypothesis method)
Hypothesis must be testable, theory is supported by lots of evidence
Population
A group of organisms of the same species populating a given area
Community
All the different populations that live together in an area
Ecosystem
A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.
Scientific Method
The process of gathering evidence to test and refine scientific theories.
What makes a good experiment? Variables, controls, constants
Change only one thing, use a control variable
What is a control variable used for?
Comparison
Properties of water
-cohesion
-adhesion
-excellent solvent
Water
H2O, oxygen is more electronegative than the the hydrogen
H-bonds form between oxygen of one water and hydrogen of another
Carbohydrates
Monomer: monosaccharides
Polymer: polysaccharide
-end in "ose"
-CHO
-1:2:1 ratio
-2 monosaccharides combine to form a disaccharide by dehydration synthesis
-hexagon
-immediate energy
-example: glucose molecules combine to produce a starch
Polysaccharides
Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Carbohydrates that are made up of two monosaccharides
Monosaccharides
Single sugar molecules
Lipids
-fats
Monomer: triglyceride (3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol)
Polymer: fat
-CHO
-more carbons and hydrogen's and less oxygen
-stores energy
-cholesterol: component of cell membrane and steroid hormones
-phospholipid: the main component of the cell membrane
Fats
Store energy
Steriods
Cholesterol & lipid hormones
Phospholipids
the main component of the cell membrane
Proteins
-monomer: amino acids
-polymer: protein
-CHON
-each amino acid has a carboxyl group and an anime group
-very important in cell structure and function
-enzymes are protein
-speed up chemical reactions
-increase rate of reaction by reducing the amount of en
amino acids held together by peptide bonds
Each amino acid has a carboxyl group and an anime group
Nucleic acids
DNA and RNA
DNA
A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.
RNA
A single-stranded nucleic acid that passes along genetic messages
dehydration synthesis
builds molecules by removing a water molecule for each bond made
Hydrolysis
Breaks down polymers by adding water
Enzymes
-Proteins
-speed up chemical reactions
-increase the rate of reaction by reducing the amount of energy needed
-regulate chemical reactions
-do not get used up
-ends in "ase
Structure and function of organelles of both plant and animal cells
Ribosomes: synthesizes proteins
ER: transports to the Golgi
Mitochondria: converts chemical energy into ATP
Nucleus: brain of the cell, contains most of it's DNA
Plasma Membrane: external barrier, transports substances in and out of the cell
Golgi Apparat
Microscope parts and function
Ocular Lens- lens in the eyepiece to look through
Body tube- directs light from the objective lenses to the eye
Resolving nosepiece- holds the objective lenses
Arm- connects the body tube to the base
Objectives- lenses that are closest to the slide you ar
Cell theory
All living things are made of cells
Difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
-eukaryotes have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles, prokaryotes don't
-eukaryotes are plant and animal, prokaryotes are bacteria cells
Differences between plant and animal cells
-plant cells have chloroplasts, a cell wall, and vacuoles while animal cells do not.
-animal cell is circular, plant is rectangle
Why are cells so small?
Greater surface area to volume ratio is more efficient for passing materials through cell membrane.
ER
-smooth: transport materials
-rough (has ribosomes): makes membrane and proteins for secretion
Golgi apparatus
Modify and package proteins
Vesicles
Transports materials within the cell
What is Diffusion?
Molecules going from high to low concentration
selectively permeable
a property of cell membranes that allows some substances to pass through, while others cannot
What is Osmosis?
Diffusion of water
passive transport
does not require energy from the cell
active transport
requires energy
Phagocytosis
Cell eating
Pinocytosis
Cell drinking
Hypotonic
Has more free water
Hypertonic
Has less free water
Results of diffusion and osmosis lab
The iodine particles diffused into the bag and passed through the semipermeable membrane. The bag turned blue/black because of diffusion, and the liquid outside didn't turn a different color because it is impermeable.
equation for cellular respiration
C?H??O? + 6O? ? CO? + H?O + ATP
Equation for photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Similarities of photosynthesis and cellular respiration
-same process but backwards
Differences of photosynthesis and cellular respiration
-photosynthesis makes glucose
-cellular respiration makes ATP
Photosynthesis
-convert CO2 and H2O into organic compounds
-carbon dioxide and oxygen enter the lead through the stomata
-light reaction in thylakoid disks light provides energy the energy to boost electrons in P680 and P700
-Calvin cycle in the stroma (sugar is made)
Cellular Respiration
-glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain
-OILRIG
-energy is carried in the electrons
-plants and animals must do this
Purpose of cellular respiration
To make ATP
Purpose of photosynthesis
To make glucose
Where does photosynthesis occur?
chloroplasts of plant cells
Where does cellular respiration occur?
Mitochondria
Microscopes
-compound light microscopes
-light uses glass lenses to magnify
-scanning electron magnifies much greater using of electrons
Major processes in mitosis
-interphase must occur first
-PMAT
-prophase:
-metaphase: chromosomes line up in the middle
-anaphase:
-cytokinesis: figure eight shape of splitting cells
-telophase:
-end result: two daughter cells that are identical copies of the original parent cell
Major processes in meiosis
-interphase must happen first
-has a meiosis 1 and a meiosis 2
-PMAT x2
-produces daughter cells with 1/2 the # of chromosomes (haploid)
-during meiosis 1 a tetras forms when homologous chromosomes come together
homologous chromosomes
Chromosomes carrying genes that control the same trait like eye color
Gametes
Sex cells (sperm and egg)
What is the cell like at the start of mitosis?
One cell
What is the cell like at the end of mitosis?
Split into 2 cells
What is the cell like at the start of meiosis?
One cell
What is the cell like at the end of meiosis?
Split into 4 cells
Similarities of mitosis and meiosis
-PMAT
-production of daughter cells
Differences of mitosis and meiosis
-In meiosis, you do PMAT twice
-meiosis is sexual
-mitosis is asexual
-meiosis produces 4 daughter cells
-mitosis produces 2 daughter cells
Importance of differentiation
So everyone isn't the same
What is cancer? What causes it?
-cells do not respond to density dependent inhabitation
-grow too many cells, too fast
Terms in cancer
-tumor: abnormally growing mass of body cells
-benign: remain at the same site
-malignant: spread to other locations
Nondisjunction of chromosomes
A failure of chromosomes to separate causing an abnormal number of chromosomes in the new daughter cells
Karyotype
A display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape.
Karyotype chart
A picture of chromosomes arranged in homologous pairs
Trisomy
3 copies of a chromosome