Biology Winter Final

Unit 1- Nature of Science

Unit 1- Nature of Science

What are the parts of scientific method?

Observation-Question-Hypothesis-Experiment-Collect data-Analysis-Conclude-Communicate

Contrast inferences, hypotheses, theories, and laws.

Hypothesis is a testable statement based on a little knowledge
Theories are accepted ideas based on multiple experiments that reveal the same results, but can change if evidence allows
Laws are explanations of how materials behave under the given situatio

What are the 3 main types of graphs and when are they appropriate to use?

Line graphs show change over time or trends in data
Bar graphs compare different things
Pie chart shows parts of a whole; percentages

What are independent, dependent, and control variables, and on which axis is each graphed?

The independent variable is what is being changed to measure the effect.
The dependent variable is what you are measuring.
The control variable is what you are comparing your tested results
X-axis is horizontal and y-axis is vertical

What are the characteristics of life

DNA
Organization through building blocks
Growth and Development
Reproduction
Adapt and respond to stimuli
Cells
Energy

Unit 2- Chemistry of Life

Unit 2- Chemistry of Life

Name the four macro/bio/organic molecules and what elements make up each of them?

Carbohydrates- C, H, O
Lipids-C, H, O (Carbon spine)
Proteins-C, H, O, N
Nucleic Acids-C, H, O, N, P

How can you determine if a structure is a carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid?

Carbs have a 1:2:1 (C:H:O) ratio, lipids have C and H much more than O, protein have N, Nucleic acids have P

Monomers(building blocks) build polymers. What are the monomers of each macromolecule?

Carbs-monosaccharides
Lipids- fatty acids and glycerol
Proteins- amino acids
Nucleic acids- nucleotides

What are the functions of each biomolecule?

Carbohydrates- quick energy
Lipids- energy storage and cell membrane
Proteins-function in all aspects of living things, enzymes, transport, embedded in cell membrane for transport
Nucleic acids-hereditary information and instructions for life

What are enzymes and what do they do? Which type of macromolecule are they?

Enzymes are biological catalysts. They are a protein.

How do enzyme work? How can temperature and/or pH affect the function?

Enzymes speed up chemical reactions in the body, and work like a lock-and-key. If they do not fir they do not work. High temperature and a change in pH can denature them, which changes their shape and them they can't work where they are supposed to.

Unit 3 - Energy Transfer

Unit 3 - Energy Transfer

What is the equation for photosynthesis? What does this equation tell you?

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy ? C6H12O6 + 6 O2
This equation tells us that it takes 6 molecules of water and 6 molecules of carbon dioxide and light energy to produce a glucose molecule and produce 6 oxygen waste molecules. The plant takes in the reactants

What organisms do photosynthesis?

Plants, some bacteria, and algae

What organelle is necessary in order to perform photosynthesis?

Chloroplast

What is the equation for cellular respiration? What does this equation tell you?

C?H??O?+ 6O? ? 6CO? + 6H?O + Energy (ATP)
Organisms can break down 1 glucose molecule in the presence of oxygen and produce energy(ATP) to power life processes, and in turn produces carbon dioxide waste and water waste

What organelle does aerobic cellular respiration? What do you want from this process?

Mitochondrion is needed for aerobic cellular respiration and you want energy to function.

Unit 4 - Cell Structure and Function

Unit 4 - Cell Structure and Function

What are the functions of the following cell parts and organelles: (mitochondrion, lysosomes, ribosomes, nucleus, cell membrane, DNA)?

Mitochondria- produces ATP through cellular respiration, lysosomes- break down and recycle waste contents in the cell, ribosomes- protein synthesis, nucleus-houses the DNA which controls all life functions through the instructions found on its nitrogen ba

What 5 cell structures/parts are common in all cells?

Cell membrane, DNA, ribosomes, cytoplasm, cytoskeleton

How are plant and animal cells different?

Plants have chloroplasts, large vacuole, and a cell wall. Animal cells have centrioles and lysosomes.

What is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Prokaryotes have no nucleus or other membrane bound organelles. These are only bacteria cells. They are smaller and less complex than Eukaryotes. Eukaryotes have a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles, and include all other living things.

How are prokaryotes and eukaryotes similar?

They share the 5 commonalities of all cells.

Which macromolecules make up the cell membrane? What are each of their jobs?

Lipids form the protective barrier, proteins allow for movement through the membrane.

What are the 3 types of active transport and 3 types of passive transport?

Active; Pumps, Endocytosis, Exocytosis
Passive: Diffusion, Osmosis, Facilitated Diffusion

Why is active transport different than passive transport?

Active transport requires energy to work, and passive does not require energy.

What will happen to cells placed in each of the following solutions? Hypertonic, Hypotonic, Isotonic.

Isotonic- the will be no physical change to a cell in this solution
?Hypertonic- the cell will shrink when water leaves trying to balance the inside and outside water concentration
?Hypotonic- the cell will swell when water enters the cell trying to balan

Unit 5- Microbiology

Unit 5- Microbiology

What group of organisms are the only prokaryotes?

Bacteria

How does bacteria reproduce?

Bacteria copy their DNA then split in 2 in binary fission.
In conjugation bacteria will connect to another and transfer DNA to the other.

Are viruses considered to be a living organism? Why not?

Viruses are not considered living because they cannot complete necessary life functions on their own. They must have a host to do anything, namely reproduce. Even though they are made of a protein capsid, they do not have the machinery to make more protei

Viruses are made of 2 parts, what are they?

Nucleic acid inside, and a protein shell/capsid

What are the 2 replication cycles a virus can do?

Lytic and Lysogenic

What is the difference in the two replication cycles of a viruses?

The lytic cycle uses eth host cell to reprogram the host's DNA to make more copies of the virus, then it kills the cell to releases and spread infection. The lysogenic cycle allows the virus DNA to hide in the host cell and it doesn't cause immediate prob

Viruses attack specific cells. What type of cell does the HIV virus attack?

Human Immunodeficiency Virus attacks you immune system.

Antibiotics don't work on viruses, why not? Where can you find a virus hiding?

Since viruses are not living, they do not have a cellular structure for an antibiotic to target and break down. Viruses live in your cells, so you would have to kill your cells to get rid of the virus

What can you do to help prevent getting a virus?

Immunizations so your body can recognize the foreign particle and be ready to fight it at a later time.

How does the immune system respond to pathogens?

It recognizes, forms antibodies for the specific antigen, attacks them and remembers it for later if you are ever exposed to it again.

Unit 6- Cell Cycle and DNA Replication

Unit 6- Cell Cycle and DNA Replication

What are the phases of the cell cycle

1. Interphase which includes G1, S, and G2
?2Mitotic phase which include Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase followed by ?cytokinesis.

What are 2 reasons cells complete the cell cycle?

When your body grows, or you need to replace or repair damaged or worn-out cells.

Why is it necessary for the DNA to replicate during Interphase?

The new cells need to have an identical copy of the DNA from the previous cell so that the ?new cell will function the same way. Interphase happens before the splitting phase

Mitosis is divided into 4 phases. What are they?

Interphase-happens so the cell can grow and DNA can replicate prior to division. Prophase happens so the DNA can get organized so it can be moved around successfully in the mitotic phase. Metaphase lines them chromosomes up in the middle of the cell so th

At the end of the cell cycle what do you get?

2 identical daughter cells

If the cell cycle loses control, what might happen?

Cancer can occur when the cell cycle loses control and the checkpoints do not work.

Can we pass cancer to our offspring?

No

What is it called when the DNA sequence doesn't copy right during replication?

Mutation

What are the 4 nitrogenous bases found in DNA?

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine and Cytosine

Which pairs of bases always bond with each other? What type of bond do they make?

Adenine bonds with Thymine, and Cytosine bonds with Guanine by Hydrogen bonds

Unit 7- Protein Synthesis

Unit 7- Protein Synthesis

Even though all cells of an organism have the same DNA, why do all cells not produce the same proteins?

Each cell only produces the proteins that that particular cell needs in ?order to do their job. Skin cells do not make blood, because it is not their job. ?Pancreas ?cells make insulin because it is their job, but skin cells do not make insulin because it

Lipase is an enzyme that breaks down fat. Are your cells constantly making lipase to break down fat? Why not?

Not always making lipase, because we only need it when we eat ?fat that we need to break down

How do our cells make proteins that our body needs to survive

Protein synthesis

What do we get from the process of transcription?

mRNA

What is the purpose of mRNA?

To take the instructions from the DNA in the nucleus out to the ?ribosomes in order build the protein

Where does transcription occur? Why?

In the nucleus. That is where the DNA code ?is and DNA can not leave the nucleus

After transcription, translation occurs. What is the purpose of translation?

To translate ?the mRNA into the protein that the DNA was coding for

Where does translation happen?

At the ribosomes

How do you get the amino acid to the ribosome to build the protein?

tRNA (transfer) RNA ?transfers the amino acid from within the cytoplasm to the ribosome to build the protein