Cell Test Study Guide (Cell Parts, Cell Theory, Famous Cell Scientist)

Eukaryotic Cell

This cell type has a
nucleus
and other membrane-bound organelles

Prokaryotic Cell

This cell type has
no nucleus
- but instead has DNA floating in the cytoplasm. These cells may have
flagella
that aid in movement.
Bacteria
all have this cell type.

Nucleus

The
"brain"
or
"control center"
of the cell
Controls cell activities
Protects DNA
(genetic material)

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

The
"highway"
of the cell
Carries material
through the cell
Surrounds the nucleus and has ribosomes attached
Modifies & packages proteins into vesicles

Ribosomes

The
"protein factories"
of the cell
Build proteins
Found on the surface of the
"rough" ER
or floating in the
cytoplasm

Cytoplasm

It is the
jelly-like fluid
that
fills the cell
and is made of mostly water and salt - "all the stuff in between"
Gives the cell its
shape
,
keeps organelles in place

Mitochondria

The
"powerhouse"
of the cell
Gives the cell
usable energy (ATP)
by
breaking down sugar molecules (glucose)
This process is called cell
respiration

Cell membrane

The
semipermeable
layer that
controls what goes in and out
of the cell

Cell Wall

Strong and rigid
outermost
layer
Provides
structural support
Lies
outside
of the cell membrane
Found mostly in
plant cells

Chloroplasts

Perform
photosynthesis
- allows the cell to
make its own food
using energy from
sunlight
(animal cells do not have chloroplasts, but some protists do)

Vacuole

Can
store waste
and harmful materials,
or materials
the cell may need
Helps cell
maintain water pressure and structure
Found in both plant and animal cells. It is
very large in plant cells
.

Lysosome

Digests
the cell's larger nutrient molecules
Breaks down
waste & recycles parts

Cell features found in
plant cells
but
NOT animal cells

Chloroplasts
Cell Wall
LARGE vacuole
(animal cells have small vacuoles)

multi
cellular

made of more than one cell

uni
cellular

made of only one cell

tissue

a
group of cells
that perform the
same function

organ

a
group of tissues
that work together to perform a function

organ system

a
group of organs
that work together to perform a set of functions

organism

a set of organ systems, that all together make up a complex living thing.

3 parts of the cell theory

All living things are
made of one or more cells
Cells are the smallest,
basic unit
of life
Cells come from
pre-existing cells
(other living cells already there)

Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow

Scientists
who developed the
cell theory

mitosis

division of the nucleus
how
eukaryotic
cells
divide

growth and repair

the
purpose of mitosis
and other forms of
cell division

semi-permeable

some, but not all, material may enter/exit

plant cell (picture only)

animal cell (picture only)

Prophase (picture)

Which stage of mitosis does this image represent?

Anaphase (picture)

Which stage of mitosis does this image represent?

Metaphase (picture)

Which stage of mitosis does this image represent?

Telophase (picture)

Which stage of mitosis does this image represent?

The Cell Cycle

The life cycle of a cell that includes
interphase
- a very long phase where DNA is being copied and checked for mistakes, the cell is growing and performing normal functions - and
mitosis
where the eukaryotic cell divides its nucleus to make 2 "daughter

Interphase

The cell spends
most of its time
in this phase.
DNA is copied and checked for mistakes
, in preparation for mitosis. The cell also grows and performs its normal functions during this phase.
This is a part of the over all cell cycle, but is
NOT a part of m

Mitosis

Division
of the
nucleus
One cell produces
2 cells
with
identical DNA.
Eukaryotic
cells only

Prophase (Description)

The phase of mitosis when
DNA condenses
(condenses = thickens, becomes visible)
the membrane around the
nucleus
starts to
disappear
Spindle fibers
form

Metaphase (Description)

The phase of mitosis when chromosomes line up in the
middle
of the cell

Anaphase (Description)

The phase of mitosis when the
spindle fibers
pull the chromosomes
away
to opposite ends of the cell.

Telophase (Description)

The phase of mitosis when
nuclei reappear
2 cells with identical DNA
are now taking form
spindle fibers break down

Cyto
kinesis

Division of the
cytoplasm
and organelles
Occurs
after Telophase
and is
NOT
a part of mitosis

Spindles

fibers that help move chromosomes to opposite ends of the cell during mitosis

2
"daughter" cells with
identical DNA

End result of mitosis

PMAT

the acronym to remember the phases of mitosis in order:
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

Microscope

The
scientific instrument
that made the
discovery of cells
possible, and led to the development of
cell theory