cell wall
A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell; Only in plant cells
cell membrane
a selectively permeable layer that surrounds both animal and plant cells; controls what comes in and goes out; consists of a phospholipid bilayer
nucleus
stores hereditary information; surrounded by a nuclear membrane or a nuclear envelope; contains DNA packaged with histones called chromatin until it shortens and thickens to form chromosomes; found in both animal and plant cells
cytoplasm
found in both plant and animal cells; the jellylike fluid that suspends organelles in the cell
mitochondria
found in both plant and animal cells; converts sugar molecules into energy; site of aerobic respiration
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
found in both plant and animal cells; has ribosomes attached to it; involved in protein synthesis
ribosomes
found in both plant and animal cells; the site of protein synthesis
chloroplasts
found in plant cells only; captures energy from the sun and uses it as food (photosynthesis)
vacuole
found in both plant and animal cells and it stores food and waste; (Animal cells have a large ________ which stores mainly water)
nuclear membrane
controls what goes in and what comes out of the nucleus
the cell theory
All living things are made up of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, new cells are produced from existing cells
Nucleolus
dense structure found inside the nucleus; ribosome production happens here; recognized as the dark portion inside of the nucleus
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
involved in lipid synthesis; detoxification of drugs and poison; breakdown of glycogen in animals
Endoplasmic Reticulum
a series of tubes or channels for transport; connected to the nucleus and lets out in the cytoplasm
Golgi body/apparatus
composed of flattened sacs and small membrane; receives vesicles and their contents from the RER; modifies proteins and repackages them and ships them out to other parts of the cell such as the cell membrane or lysosomes; site of polysaccharide synthesis
Lysosome
contain hydrolytic enzymes that help with digestion of proteins; effective at pH of 5; bond with vacuoles
autolysis
when a cell is injured or dying, the lysosome ruptures to release the contents so it can digest itself; cellicide
microbodies
specialized containers for metabolic reactions
peroxisomes
Contain enzymes that detoxify alcohol; hydrogen peroxide is produced
glyoxysomes
found in fat tissue, converts fat into sugar
cytoskeleton
helps to give support and shape to the cell
cilia
Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion
flagella
A long, whip-like filament that helps in cell motility. Many bacteria are flagellated, and sperm are flagellated.
prokaryotic cell
cell that does not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles.
eukaryotic cell
cell that has a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles
Robert Hooke
1. first to observe "small chambers" in cork and call them cells.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
2. observed tiny living organisms drops of pond water through his simple microscope
Robert Brown
3. discovered cell nucleus and cytoplasmic streaming
Matthias Schlieden
4. concluded that all plants are composed of cells
Theodor Schwann
5. concluded that all animals are made of cells
Rudolph Virchow
6. Discovered all cells come from other cells