cosmo chapter 20

acid-balanced waves

permanent waves that have a 7.0 or neutral pH; because of their higher pH, they process at room temperature, do not require the added heat of a hair dryer, process more quickly, and produce firmer curls than true acid waves.

alkaline waves

also known as cold waves; have a pH between 9.0 and 9.6, use ammonium thioglycolate (ATG) as the reducing agent, and process at room temperature without the addition of heat

amino acids

compounds made up of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur.

ammonia-free waves

perms that use an ingredient or reducing agent in alkaline permanents.

base control

Position of the tool in relation to its base section, determined by the angle at which the hair is wrapped

base cream

also known as protective base cream; oily cream used to protect the skin and scalp during hair relaxing.

base direction

angle at which the rod is positioned on the head, horizontally, vertically, or diagonally, also the directional pattern in which the hair is wrapped.

base placement

refers to the position of the rod in relation to its base section; base placement is determined by the angle at which the hair is wrapped

base relaxers

relaxer that require the application of protective base cream to the entire scalp prior to the application of the relaxer

base sections

Subsections of panels into which hair is divided for perm wrapping; one rod is normally placed on each base section

basic permanent wrap

also known as straight set wrap; per wrapping pattern in which all the rods within a panel move in the same direction and are positioned on equal -sized bases; all the vase sections are horizontal, and are the same length and width as the perm rod.

bookend wrap

perm wrap in which one end paper is folded in half over the hair ends like an envelope

bricklay permanent wrap

perm wrap similar to actual technique of bricklaying; base sections are offset from each other row by row, to prevent noticeable splits and to blend the flow of the hair

chemical hair relaxing

a process or service that rearranges the structure of curly hair into a straighter or smoother form.

chemical texture services

hair services that cause a chemical change that alters the natural wave pattern of the hair

concave rods

perm rods that have a smaller diameter in the center that increases to a larger diameter on the ends

croquignole perm wrap

perms in which the hair strands are wrapped from the ends to the scalp in overlapping concentric layers.

curvature permanent wrap

perm wrap in which parting and bases radiate throughout the panels to follow the curvature of the head

double flat wraps

perm wrap in which one end paper is placed under and another is placed over the strand of hair being wrapped.

double-rod wrap

also known as piggyback wrap; a wrap technique whereby extra-long hair is wrapped on one rod from the scalp to midway down the hair shaft, and another rod is used to wrap the remaining hair strand in the same direction.

end papers

also known as end wraps; absorbent papers used to control the ends of the hair when wrapping and winding hair on perm rods

endothermic waves

perm activated by an outside heat source, usually a conventional hood-type hair dryer.

exothermic waves

create an exothermic chemical reaction that heats up the waving solution and speeds up processing

glyceryl monothioglycolate GMTG

main active ingredient in true acid and acid-balanced waving lotions

half off-base placement

base control in which the hair is wrapped at an angle of 90 degrees or perpendicular to its base section and the rod is positioned half off its base sections.

hydroxide neutralization

an acid-alkali neutralization reaction that neutralizes, deactivates, the alkaline residues left in the hair by a hydroxide relaxer and lowers the pH of the hair and scalp; hydroxide relaxer neutralization does not involve oxidation or rebuild disulfide b

hydroxide relaxers

very strong alkalis with a pHover 13; the hydroxide ion is the active ingredient in all hydroxide relaxers.

keratin proteins

long, coiled polypedptide chains

lanthionization

process by which hydroxide relaxers permanently straighten hair; they remove a sulfur atom from a diulfide bond and covert it into a lanthionine bond

loop rod

also known as circle rod; tool that is usually about 12 inches long with a uniform diameter along the entire length of the rod

low-pH waves

perms that use sulfates, sulfites, and bisulfites as an alternative to ammonium thioglycolate; they have a low pH

metal hydroxide relaxers

ionic compounds formed by a metal, sodium, potassium, or lithium, which is combined with oxygen and bydrogen

no-base relaxers

relaxers that do not require application of a protective base cream.

normalizing lotions

conditioners with an acidic pH that restore the hair's natural pH after a hydroxide relaxer and prior to shampooing

off-base placement

base control in which the hair is wrapped at 45 degrees below the center of the base section, so the rod is positioned completely off its base

on-base placement

base control in which the hair is wrapped at a 45 degree angle beyond perpendicular to its base section, and the rod is positioned on its base

peptide bonds

also known as end bonds; chemical bonds that join amino acids together, end to end in long chains, to form polypeptide chains.

permanent waving

a tow-step process whereby the hair undergoes a physical change caused by wrapping the hair on perm rods, and then the hair undergoes a chemical change caused by the application of permanent waving solution and neutralizer

polypeptide chains

long chains of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds

single flat wrap

perm wrap that is similar to double fat wrap but uses only one end paper, placed over the top of the strand of hair being wrapped

soft bender rods

tool about 12 inches long with a uniform diameter along the entire length

soft curl permanent

combination of a thio relaxer and a thio permanent that is wrapped on large rods to make existing curl larger and looser.

spiral perm wrap

hair is wrapped at an angle other than perpendicular to the length of the rod, which causes the hair to spiral along the length of the rod, similar to the stripes on a a candy cane.

straight rods

perm rods that are equal in diameter along their entire length or curling area.

Thio neutralization

stops the action of a permanent wave solution and rebuilds the hair in its new curly form

thio relaxers

use the same amonium thioglycolate, ATG, that is used in permanetn waving, but at a higher concentration and a higher pH, above 10

thio-free waves

perm that uses an ingredient other than ATG as the primary reducing agent, such as cysteamine or mercaptamine.

true acid waves

have a pH between 4.5 and 7.0 and require heat to process; they process more slowly than alkaline waves, and do not usually produce as firm a curl as alkaline waves.

viscosity

the measurement of the thickness or thinness o a liquid that affects how the fluid flows

weave technique

wrapping technique that uses zigzag parting to divide base areas.