acid-balanced waves
permanent waves that have a 7.0 or neutral pH; because of their higher pH, they process at room temperature, do not require the added heat of a hair dryer, process more quickly, and produce firmer curls than true acid waves.
alkaline waves
also known as cold waves; have a pH between 9.0 and 9.6, use ammonium thioglycolate (ATG) as the reducing agent, and process at room temperature without the addition of heat
amino acids
compounds made up of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur.
ammonia-free waves
perms that use an ingredient or reducing agent in alkaline permanents.
base control
Position of the tool in relation to its base section, determined by the angle at which the hair is wrapped
base cream
also known as protective base cream; oily cream used to protect the skin and scalp during hair relaxing.
base direction
angle at which the rod is positioned on the head, horizontally, vertically, or diagonally, also the directional pattern in which the hair is wrapped.
base placement
refers to the position of the rod in relation to its base section; base placement is determined by the angle at which the hair is wrapped
base relaxers
relaxer that require the application of protective base cream to the entire scalp prior to the application of the relaxer
base sections
Subsections of panels into which hair is divided for perm wrapping; one rod is normally placed on each base section
basic permanent wrap
also known as straight set wrap; per wrapping pattern in which all the rods within a panel move in the same direction and are positioned on equal -sized bases; all the vase sections are horizontal, and are the same length and width as the perm rod.
bookend wrap
perm wrap in which one end paper is folded in half over the hair ends like an envelope
bricklay permanent wrap
perm wrap similar to actual technique of bricklaying; base sections are offset from each other row by row, to prevent noticeable splits and to blend the flow of the hair
chemical hair relaxing
a process or service that rearranges the structure of curly hair into a straighter or smoother form.
chemical texture services
hair services that cause a chemical change that alters the natural wave pattern of the hair
concave rods
perm rods that have a smaller diameter in the center that increases to a larger diameter on the ends
croquignole perm wrap
perms in which the hair strands are wrapped from the ends to the scalp in overlapping concentric layers.
curvature permanent wrap
perm wrap in which parting and bases radiate throughout the panels to follow the curvature of the head
double flat wraps
perm wrap in which one end paper is placed under and another is placed over the strand of hair being wrapped.
double-rod wrap
also known as piggyback wrap; a wrap technique whereby extra-long hair is wrapped on one rod from the scalp to midway down the hair shaft, and another rod is used to wrap the remaining hair strand in the same direction.
end papers
also known as end wraps; absorbent papers used to control the ends of the hair when wrapping and winding hair on perm rods
endothermic waves
perm activated by an outside heat source, usually a conventional hood-type hair dryer.
exothermic waves
create an exothermic chemical reaction that heats up the waving solution and speeds up processing
glyceryl monothioglycolate GMTG
main active ingredient in true acid and acid-balanced waving lotions
half off-base placement
base control in which the hair is wrapped at an angle of 90 degrees or perpendicular to its base section and the rod is positioned half off its base sections.
hydroxide neutralization
an acid-alkali neutralization reaction that neutralizes, deactivates, the alkaline residues left in the hair by a hydroxide relaxer and lowers the pH of the hair and scalp; hydroxide relaxer neutralization does not involve oxidation or rebuild disulfide b
hydroxide relaxers
very strong alkalis with a pHover 13; the hydroxide ion is the active ingredient in all hydroxide relaxers.
keratin proteins
long, coiled polypedptide chains
lanthionization
process by which hydroxide relaxers permanently straighten hair; they remove a sulfur atom from a diulfide bond and covert it into a lanthionine bond
loop rod
also known as circle rod; tool that is usually about 12 inches long with a uniform diameter along the entire length of the rod
low-pH waves
perms that use sulfates, sulfites, and bisulfites as an alternative to ammonium thioglycolate; they have a low pH
metal hydroxide relaxers
ionic compounds formed by a metal, sodium, potassium, or lithium, which is combined with oxygen and bydrogen
no-base relaxers
relaxers that do not require application of a protective base cream.
normalizing lotions
conditioners with an acidic pH that restore the hair's natural pH after a hydroxide relaxer and prior to shampooing
off-base placement
base control in which the hair is wrapped at 45 degrees below the center of the base section, so the rod is positioned completely off its base
on-base placement
base control in which the hair is wrapped at a 45 degree angle beyond perpendicular to its base section, and the rod is positioned on its base
peptide bonds
also known as end bonds; chemical bonds that join amino acids together, end to end in long chains, to form polypeptide chains.
permanent waving
a tow-step process whereby the hair undergoes a physical change caused by wrapping the hair on perm rods, and then the hair undergoes a chemical change caused by the application of permanent waving solution and neutralizer
polypeptide chains
long chains of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds
single flat wrap
perm wrap that is similar to double fat wrap but uses only one end paper, placed over the top of the strand of hair being wrapped
soft bender rods
tool about 12 inches long with a uniform diameter along the entire length
soft curl permanent
combination of a thio relaxer and a thio permanent that is wrapped on large rods to make existing curl larger and looser.
spiral perm wrap
hair is wrapped at an angle other than perpendicular to the length of the rod, which causes the hair to spiral along the length of the rod, similar to the stripes on a a candy cane.
straight rods
perm rods that are equal in diameter along their entire length or curling area.
Thio neutralization
stops the action of a permanent wave solution and rebuilds the hair in its new curly form
thio relaxers
use the same amonium thioglycolate, ATG, that is used in permanetn waving, but at a higher concentration and a higher pH, above 10
thio-free waves
perm that uses an ingredient other than ATG as the primary reducing agent, such as cysteamine or mercaptamine.
true acid waves
have a pH between 4.5 and 7.0 and require heat to process; they process more slowly than alkaline waves, and do not usually produce as firm a curl as alkaline waves.
viscosity
the measurement of the thickness or thinness o a liquid that affects how the fluid flows
weave technique
wrapping technique that uses zigzag parting to divide base areas.