Chemistry
Science that deals with composition, structure, and properties of matter and how matter changes under different conditions
Organic Chemistry
Study of any substance that contains carbon (plastic, gasoline (volatile), fertilizer) aka anything that's been alive
Inorganic Chemistry
Study of any substance that doesn't contain carbon (metal, glass, water)
Matter
Any substance that occupies space
Elements
Cannot be broken down into a simpler substance
How many elements is matter made up of?
One or more of the 90 elements
Atoms
Smallest particle of an element
Protons
Positive charge (+)
Neutrons
Neutral charge
Electrons
Negative charge (-)
Molecule
Formed by joining of two of more atoms chemically
Elemental Molecules
Contain two or more atoms of the same element that are united chemically ex: o3 (ozone)
Compound Molecules
Also known as compounds. Chemical combination of two or more atoms of different elements that are united chemically, ex h20
Solid
Definite shape, definite size (ex rock)
Liquid
Definite size, indefinite shape (ex water)
Gas
Indefinite size, indefinite shape (ex boiling)
Physical properties
Color, odor, weight, density, specific gravity, melting point, boiling point, and hardness
Chemical Properties
A chemical reaction that changes the identity of the substance
Physical Changes
A change in the form or physical properties of a substance without the formation of a new substance (ice melting, painting a fence)
Chemical Changes
A change in the chemical composition of a substance, a new substance or substances are formed having properties different from the original (iron into rust, wood into ash)
Chemical Compounds
A combination of two or more atoms of different elements united chemically
Physical Mixtures
A combination of two or more substances that are united physically, in any proportions with combined properties
pH
Potential hydrogen
pH Scale
A measure of the acidity and alkalinity of a substance
Skins pH
5.5, slightly acidic
Cleansers pH
4.5
Peel pH
3.5
Toner pH
pH restored
How long does it take for the skin to go back to a balanced pH?
20 minutes
Ionization
Seperating substance into ions
Anion
An ion with a negative electrical charge
Cation
An ion with a positive electrical charge
What pH do acids have?
pH below 7
What pH do bases, or alkalis have?
pH above 7
Alkanolamines
Substances used to neutralize acids or raise the pH of many hair products
What pH does pure water have?
A pH of 7, neutral
Oxidation
Also called oxidize, occurs when a substance is combined with oxygen
Oxidation-Reduction
Also known as redox, is a chemical reaction in which the oxidation agent is reduced and the reducing agent is oxidized
Reducing Agent
When a substance is oxidized the oxidizer is always reduced. A reduction is the subtraction of oxygen or the addition of hydrogen
Mixture
A combination of substances that are held together by physical rather than chemical ties
Solutions
A uniform mixture of two or more mutually miscible substances
Solute
Any substance that is dissolved by a solvent to form a solution (ie crystal light)
Solvent
Any substance that dissolves the solute to form a solution (water)
Miscible
Liquids that are mutually soluble (water and alcohol)
Immiscible
Not mixable (oil and water)
Suspensions
Unstable mixtures of two or more immisicle substances (oil and vinegar in dressing or paint)
Emulsions
Mixtures of two or more immiscle substances united with the aid of an emulsifier
Surfactant
Used to emulsify oil and water to create an emursion. Has two distinct parts
Hydrophillic
Water loving
Lipophillic
Oil loving
Oil in water
Drops of oil are dispersed in water. (Ie Cleaners and moisturizers)
Water in oil
Drops of water are dispersed in oil. (Ie cold creams)
Silicone
A special type of oil used in nail polish dryers and as a skin protectant (ie primer)