Chemistry
Sciene that deals with the commposition, structure and propertys of matter and how matter changes under different conditions
Organic Chemistry
One branch of chemistry.
Study of substances that contain the element carbon; organic is anything that is or was ever alive. (ex: gasoline, plastics, syntehtic fabrics, pesticides and fertilizers).
Organic compounds are flammable and will burn
Inorganic Chemistry
Study of subtances not containing carbon (ex: metals, minerals, glass, pure water and air).
Was never alive
Will not burn
Matter
any substance that occupies space and has mass (weight).
Not everything that we see is actually matter (ex: light or sparks, which are energy).
3 types of Matter
Elements
Compounds
Mixtures
Element
Simplest form of chemical matter.
Cannot be broken down into a simpler substance w/o a loss of identity.
Atoms
the smallest particle of an element that still retains the properties of that element.
Atoms Consist Of
smaller particlues known as protons (+ electric charge), neurons (neutral electric charge) and electrons (- electric charge).
Number of protons in an atom equals the number of electrons.
Molecule
formed by joining two or more atoms chemically. There are 2 types:
Elemental and Compound
Elemental Molecules
contain 2 or more atoms of the same element that are united chemically.
Ex: Ozone = 0 (sub 3)
Compound Molecules
a/k/a compounds.
Chemical combinations of 2 or more atoms of different elements united chemically.
Ex: table salt = NaCl
States of Matter
All matter exists in one of 3 different physical forms: solid, liquid and gas.
The difference in these physical forms depends on temperature.
Solids
Have a definite size and definite shape. Ex: ice.
Liquid
Have a definite size but no definite shape. Ex: Water
Gas
No definite size or shape.
How Matter is Identified
By it's physical and chemical properties
Physical Properties of Matter
Characteristics that can be determined w/o a chemical reaction and do not cause a chemical change in the identity of the substance. Ex: color, odor, weight.
Chemical Properties of Matter
characteristics that can be determined only w/ a chemical reaction and that cause a chemical change in the identity of the substance. (Ex: rusting iron and burning wood from oxidation, which is the result of adding oxygen or the loss of hydrogen).
Physical Change
One of the 2 ways matter can be changed.
A change in the form or physical properties of a substance without the formation of a new substance. (Ex: ice to water).
Chemical Change
One of the 2 ways matter can be changed.
A change in the chemical composition of a substance, in which a new substance or substances are formed having properties different from the original. (Ex: iron rusting, wood burning).
Combinations of Matter
Compounds & Mixtures
Oxygen
Colorless, odorless, tasteless.
Most abundant element on earth.
Makes up 1/5 of the air and 90% of water
Nitrogen
Makes up 4/5 of the air.
Water
The most abundant of all substances; makes up 75% of the earth's surface and 65% of the human body.
Most commonly used cosmetic ingredient.
Hydrogen Peroxide
Chemical compound of hydrogen and oxygen.
Colorless w/ characteristic odor and slightly acidic taste.
Used in salon as a developer or a 10 volume peroxide (or 3%) solution as an antiseptic
Hydrogen
Colorless, odorless, tasteless gas.
Lightest element known
Found w/ oxygen in water and w/ other elements in most organic substances. Elemental hydrogen is flammable and explosive when mixed w/ air.
pH Scale
Potential Hydrogen
A measure of acidity and alkalinity of a substance.
Scale is from 0-14; below 7 is acidic and above 7 is alkaline, 7 is neutral.
Ion
atom or molecule that carries an electrical charge
Ionization
Causes atom or molecule to split in two, creating a pair of ions with opposite electrical charges.
Anion
ion w/ a negative electrical charge
Cation
ion w/ a positive electrical charge
Acids
pH below 7.0, taste sour and turn litmus paper from blue to red.
Alkalis
a/k/a bases
pH above 7, taste bitter and turn litmus paper from red to blue.
Natural pH of Skin
slightly acidic at 5.5
Buffering Product
frequently added to skin care products to maintain the pH at the correct level to produce the desired effect while keeping the product safe and nonirritating to the skin.
Chemical Reactions
occurs when 2 or more chemicals are mixed together.
Acid-alkali Neutralization Reactions
Ocurr when an acid is mixed with an alkali (base) in equal proportions to neutralize each other and form water and a salt.
Oxidation-Reduction
a/k/a redox (redox is a contraction of oxidation and reduction).
Always an exchange.
Oxidizing Agent
Substance that releases oxygen.
ex: hydrogen peroxide
Combustion
Rapid oxidation of a substance, accompanied by produciton of heat and light. Ex: lighting a match.
Solution
unstable mixtures of 2 or more immiscible (don't mix together well) substances.
Contain a solvent and a solute
Solute
Any substance that is dissolved by a solvent to form a solution (ex: salt in salt water)
Solvent
Any substance that dissolves the solute to form a solution (ex: water in salt water).
Miscible Liquids
mutually soluble. Water and alcohol are an example.
Immiscible Liquids
not mutually soluble. Water and salt are an example.
Suspensions
uniform mixutres of 2 or more substances.
Contain larger particles than solutions (large enough to be visible ot the naked lotion)
Have a tendency to separate over time (ex: oil and vinegar in salad dressing).
Emulsions
Mixtures of 2 or more immiscible substances united with the aid of an emulsifier.
Tend to separate over time, a properly formulated emulsion, when stored correctly should be stable for at least 3 years. They can break into 2 insoluble layers. Once this oc
Surfactants
Acronym or contraction of surface active agent.
has 2 distinct parts that make the emusification of oil and water possible; one end of the molecule is hydrophilic (water loving) and the other is lipophilic (oil loving). Since "like dissolves like" hydroph
O/W Emulstion
Oil in water emulsion.
Surfactants have tails pointing in (lipophilic) and heads (hydrophilic) pointing out
In O/W emulsions, water is the continuous or external phase and the oil is the discontinuous or internal phase.
Contain a small amount of oil and g
W/O Emulsion
Water in oil emulson.
Surfactants have heads pointing in (hydrophilic) and tails pointing out (lipophilic).
Oil is the continuous or external phase and the water is the discontinuous or internal phase.
Contain a a smaller amount of water and a greater amo