Com 100 Exam 1

communication

the process of using signs, symbols, and behaviors to exchange information and create meaning

action model

one way model of communication

transaction model

both individuals act as sources and receivers simutaneously

competent communicators

self-aware, adaptable, empathetic, cognitively, complex, and ethical

context

the relationship or environment that communication is occurring in

hearing

sensory process of receiving and perceiving sounds

HURIER model

model for effective listening

noise

anything that interferes with a receivers ability to attend to a message

Pseudolistening

pretending to listen to someone

critical listening

listening to evaluate or analyze something

intro, body, conclusion, transitions

the four main components of a speech

thesis statement

the main message of your speech in one sentence

introduction

generates interest in your topic and previews main points

Transitions

improve continuity and flow of your speech

main points

should be related, distinct, and equally important

Exemporaneous speech

carefully prepared to sound as if it is spontaneous

stage fright

nervousness or fear brought on by performing in front of an audience

Manuscript or scripted speech

composed word for word and read exactly as written

Visual elements of delivery

eye contact, appearance, facial expressions, posture, gestures

presentation aids

improve attention, learning, recall

defining

providing the meaning of a word or concept

demonstrating

showing how to do something by doing it as it is explained

objective

based on facts, not opinions

representation

describing something in terms of its physical or psychological attributes

etymology

history or origin of a word

adapt

to modify ones behavior to accommodate to what others are doing

communication meets needs

physical, relational, identity, spiritual, instrumental

relational needs

the essential elements people seek in their relationships with others

instrumental needs

practical, everyday needs

Action Model of Communication

a model describing communication as a one-way process (1 source and no feedback)

source

the originator of a thought or idea

encode

to put an idea into language or gesture

message

verbal and nonverbal elements of communication to which people give meaning

channel

a pathway through which messages are conveyed

reciever

the party who interprets a message

decode

to interpret or give meaning to a message

noise

anything that distracts people from listening to what they wish to listen to

interaction model of communication

a model describing communication as a process shaped by feedback and context

feedback

the various verbal and nonverbal responses to the message by the receiver

physical noise

sirens, yelling talking

psychological noise

thinking about something besides the convo

physiological noise

tired or hungry and thats all you can think about

Transaction Model of Communication

a model describing communication as a process in which everyone is simultaneously a sender and a receiver

channel-rich contexts

communication environments involving many channels at once

channel-lean context

communication environments involving few channels at once

content dimension

literal information that is communicated by a message

relationship dimension

signals about the relationship in which a message is being communicated

Metacommunication

communication about communication

explicit rules

rules that have been clearly articulated "don't talk with your mouth full

implicit rules

rules that have not been clearly articulated but are nonetheless understood ex. elevator rules do not get on if its full, get in an orderly line, do not cut in line

intrapersonal communication

communication with oneself

interpersonal communication

occurs between two people in the context of their relationship

small group communication

small groups from 3-20

public communication

audience larger than small group

mass communication

communication to a large audience that is transmitted by media (text, blog, radio)

communication competence

communicating in ways that are effective and appropriate for a given situation

self-monitoring

awareness of one's behavior and how it affects others

empathy

the ability to understand and share the feelings of another

cognitive flexibility

the ability to understand a given situation in many ways

Ethics

the principles of right and wrong that guide an individual in making decisions

listening

the active process of making meaning out of another person's spoken message

attending

paying attention to someone's words well enough to understand what that person is trying to communicate

people oriented

emphasis on emotions and interests

action oriented

emphasizes organization and precision

time oriented

emphasis on efficiency

content oriented

emphasis on details

back channeling

using facial expressions, nods, vocalizations, and verbal statements to let the speaker know you're paying attention

stonewalling

responding with silence and a lack of expression on your face

informational listening

listening to learn

critical listeing

listening to evaluate or analyze

empathic listening

listening to experience what the speaker thinks or feels

noise

any distraction that reduces the effectiveness of the communication process

Pseudolistening

pretending to listen

information overload

the state of being overwhelmed by the enormous amount of information encountered each day

selective attention

listening only to what one wants to hear and ignoring the rest

glazing over

daydreaming or allowing the mind to wander while another person is speaking

rebuttal tendency

the propensity to debate a speaker's point and formulate a reply while that person is still speaking

closed-mindedness

the tendency not to listen to anything with which one disagrees

competitive interrupting

the practice of using interruptions to take control of the conversation

confirmation bias

the tendency to pay attention only to information that supports one's values and beliefs while discounting or ignoring information that doesn't

vividness effect

the tendency for dramatic, shocking events to distort one's perception of reality

Skepticism

a method of questioning that involves questioning a stated claim

specific purpose

the main goal for a speech or oral presentation

thesis

the main message of a speech or oral presentation

purpose statement

a declaration of the specific goal for a speech

general purpose

what do you want to accomplish? ex persuasive, informtional

main point

a statement expressing a specific idea or theme related to the speech topic

topic pattern

a pattern of organizing the main points of a speech to represent different categories

time pattern

a pattern of organizing the main points of a speech in chronological order

space point

a pattern of organizing the main points into areas

transition

a statement that connects one point in a speech to the next

preview transitions

a statement alerting listeners that a speaker is about to switch to a new topic

rule of subordination

a rule of speech organization specifying that some concepts in the speech are more important than others

rule of division

a rule of speech organization specifying that if a point is divided into subpoints, it must have at least two subpoints

rule of parallel structure

a rule of speech organization specifying that all points and subpoints in an outline should have the same grammatical structure

working outline

a structured set of all the points and subpoints in a speech

bibliography

a list of all the sources used in preparing a speech

impromptu

a speech delivered with little or no immediate preparation ex. (toast, being called on in class)

extemporaneous speech

a speech that is carefully prepared to sound as though it is being delivered spontaneously

scripted speech

a speech composed word for word on a manuscript and then read aloud exactly as it is written

memorized speech

a speech composed word for word and then delivered from memory

public speaking anxiety

fear of speaking to an audience

anticipatory anxiety

the worry people feel when looking ahead to a speech

fight or flight response

a reaction that helps to prepare the body either to confront or to avoid a stressor

Visualizaton

developing a mental image

Desentization

confronting frightening situations directly to reduce stress

articulation

the extent to which a speaker pronounces words clearly

fluency

the smoothness of a speaker's delivery

Stuttering

a speech disorder that disrupts the flow of words with repeated or prolonged sounds and involuntary pauses

presentation aids

anything used in conjunction with a speech or presentation to stimulate listeners' senses

Narration

describing a series of events in sequence

explaining

revealing why something occurred or how something works

subjective

biased toward a specific conclusion

vested interest

an inherent motivation to pay attention

information hunger

a desire to learn