communication
the process of using signs, symbols, and behaviors to exchange information and create meaning
action model
one way model of communication
transaction model
both individuals act as sources and receivers simutaneously
competent communicators
self-aware, adaptable, empathetic, cognitively, complex, and ethical
context
the relationship or environment that communication is occurring in
hearing
sensory process of receiving and perceiving sounds
HURIER model
model for effective listening
noise
anything that interferes with a receivers ability to attend to a message
Pseudolistening
pretending to listen to someone
critical listening
listening to evaluate or analyze something
intro, body, conclusion, transitions
the four main components of a speech
thesis statement
the main message of your speech in one sentence
introduction
generates interest in your topic and previews main points
Transitions
improve continuity and flow of your speech
main points
should be related, distinct, and equally important
Exemporaneous speech
carefully prepared to sound as if it is spontaneous
stage fright
nervousness or fear brought on by performing in front of an audience
Manuscript or scripted speech
composed word for word and read exactly as written
Visual elements of delivery
eye contact, appearance, facial expressions, posture, gestures
presentation aids
improve attention, learning, recall
defining
providing the meaning of a word or concept
demonstrating
showing how to do something by doing it as it is explained
objective
based on facts, not opinions
representation
describing something in terms of its physical or psychological attributes
etymology
history or origin of a word
adapt
to modify ones behavior to accommodate to what others are doing
communication meets needs
physical, relational, identity, spiritual, instrumental
relational needs
the essential elements people seek in their relationships with others
instrumental needs
practical, everyday needs
Action Model of Communication
a model describing communication as a one-way process (1 source and no feedback)
source
the originator of a thought or idea
encode
to put an idea into language or gesture
message
verbal and nonverbal elements of communication to which people give meaning
channel
a pathway through which messages are conveyed
reciever
the party who interprets a message
decode
to interpret or give meaning to a message
noise
anything that distracts people from listening to what they wish to listen to
interaction model of communication
a model describing communication as a process shaped by feedback and context
feedback
the various verbal and nonverbal responses to the message by the receiver
physical noise
sirens, yelling talking
psychological noise
thinking about something besides the convo
physiological noise
tired or hungry and thats all you can think about
Transaction Model of Communication
a model describing communication as a process in which everyone is simultaneously a sender and a receiver
channel-rich contexts
communication environments involving many channels at once
channel-lean context
communication environments involving few channels at once
content dimension
literal information that is communicated by a message
relationship dimension
signals about the relationship in which a message is being communicated
Metacommunication
communication about communication
explicit rules
rules that have been clearly articulated "don't talk with your mouth full
implicit rules
rules that have not been clearly articulated but are nonetheless understood ex. elevator rules do not get on if its full, get in an orderly line, do not cut in line
intrapersonal communication
communication with oneself
interpersonal communication
occurs between two people in the context of their relationship
small group communication
small groups from 3-20
public communication
audience larger than small group
mass communication
communication to a large audience that is transmitted by media (text, blog, radio)
communication competence
communicating in ways that are effective and appropriate for a given situation
self-monitoring
awareness of one's behavior and how it affects others
empathy
the ability to understand and share the feelings of another
cognitive flexibility
the ability to understand a given situation in many ways
Ethics
the principles of right and wrong that guide an individual in making decisions
listening
the active process of making meaning out of another person's spoken message
attending
paying attention to someone's words well enough to understand what that person is trying to communicate
people oriented
emphasis on emotions and interests
action oriented
emphasizes organization and precision
time oriented
emphasis on efficiency
content oriented
emphasis on details
back channeling
using facial expressions, nods, vocalizations, and verbal statements to let the speaker know you're paying attention
stonewalling
responding with silence and a lack of expression on your face
informational listening
listening to learn
critical listeing
listening to evaluate or analyze
empathic listening
listening to experience what the speaker thinks or feels
noise
any distraction that reduces the effectiveness of the communication process
Pseudolistening
pretending to listen
information overload
the state of being overwhelmed by the enormous amount of information encountered each day
selective attention
listening only to what one wants to hear and ignoring the rest
glazing over
daydreaming or allowing the mind to wander while another person is speaking
rebuttal tendency
the propensity to debate a speaker's point and formulate a reply while that person is still speaking
closed-mindedness
the tendency not to listen to anything with which one disagrees
competitive interrupting
the practice of using interruptions to take control of the conversation
confirmation bias
the tendency to pay attention only to information that supports one's values and beliefs while discounting or ignoring information that doesn't
vividness effect
the tendency for dramatic, shocking events to distort one's perception of reality
Skepticism
a method of questioning that involves questioning a stated claim
specific purpose
the main goal for a speech or oral presentation
thesis
the main message of a speech or oral presentation
purpose statement
a declaration of the specific goal for a speech
general purpose
what do you want to accomplish? ex persuasive, informtional
main point
a statement expressing a specific idea or theme related to the speech topic
topic pattern
a pattern of organizing the main points of a speech to represent different categories
time pattern
a pattern of organizing the main points of a speech in chronological order
space point
a pattern of organizing the main points into areas
transition
a statement that connects one point in a speech to the next
preview transitions
a statement alerting listeners that a speaker is about to switch to a new topic
rule of subordination
a rule of speech organization specifying that some concepts in the speech are more important than others
rule of division
a rule of speech organization specifying that if a point is divided into subpoints, it must have at least two subpoints
rule of parallel structure
a rule of speech organization specifying that all points and subpoints in an outline should have the same grammatical structure
working outline
a structured set of all the points and subpoints in a speech
bibliography
a list of all the sources used in preparing a speech
impromptu
a speech delivered with little or no immediate preparation ex. (toast, being called on in class)
extemporaneous speech
a speech that is carefully prepared to sound as though it is being delivered spontaneously
scripted speech
a speech composed word for word on a manuscript and then read aloud exactly as it is written
memorized speech
a speech composed word for word and then delivered from memory
public speaking anxiety
fear of speaking to an audience
anticipatory anxiety
the worry people feel when looking ahead to a speech
fight or flight response
a reaction that helps to prepare the body either to confront or to avoid a stressor
Visualizaton
developing a mental image
Desentization
confronting frightening situations directly to reduce stress
articulation
the extent to which a speaker pronounces words clearly
fluency
the smoothness of a speaker's delivery
Stuttering
a speech disorder that disrupts the flow of words with repeated or prolonged sounds and involuntary pauses
presentation aids
anything used in conjunction with a speech or presentation to stimulate listeners' senses
Narration
describing a series of events in sequence
explaining
revealing why something occurred or how something works
subjective
biased toward a specific conclusion
vested interest
an inherent motivation to pay attention
information hunger
a desire to learn