communication
The process of creating meaning to symbolic interaction
symbols
to represent things processes,ideas or events in ways that make communication possible or arbitrary constructions that represent a communicator's thoughts
linear communication model
characterization of communication as a one-way event in which a message flows from sender to receiver
sender
The originator of a message
encoding
The process of putting thoughts into symbols most commonly words
message
Sanders planned and unplanned words and nonverbal behaviors
decoding
The process in which a receiver attaches meaning to message
Channel
medium through which a message passes from sender to receiver
mediated communication
messages sent to one person or to many via a medium such as a telephone email or instant messaging
noise
Ternal physiological and psychological distractions that interfere with the accurate transmission and reception of a message
Environment
The physical setting in which communication occurs in my personal perspectives of the parties involved
Transactional communication model
characterization of communication as a simultaneous sending and receiving of messages is an ongoing irreversible process
Feedback
The discernible response of a receiver to a sender's message
Intrapersonal communication
communication that occurs within a single person
dyad communication
two person communication
dyad
two person unit
Interpersonal communication
Communication in which the parties consider one another as unique individuals rather than objects
small group communication
Communication within a group that is small enough for every member to participate actively with all other members
organizational communication
Communication that occurs within a structure collection of people in order to meet a need or pursue a goal
Public communication
communication that occurs when a group becomes too large for all members to contribute it is characterized by an equal amount of speaking in by limited verbal feedback
Mass communication
The transmission of messages to large usually widespread audiences via broadcast such as radio and television print such as newspapers magazines and books multi media such as DVDs online and other forms of media such as recordings in movies
Communication competence
ability to maintain a relationship on terms acceptable to all parties
Characteristics of competent communication
There is no ideal way to communicate competence is situational competence is relational competence can be learned
There is no ideal way to communicate
many forms of communication
competence is situational
it's more accurate to talk about degrees or areas of competence
competence is relational
because communication is transactional something we do with others rather than to them behavior that is competent in one context
Competence can be learned
Communication is a set of skills that anyone can learn
Characteristics of competent communicators
competent communicator's are flexible, competent communicator's are empathetic, competent communicators are cognitively complex, complex competent communicator self monitor, competent communicator's are committed
Cognitive complexity
The ability to construct a variety of framework for viewing at issue
self-monitoring
The process of paying close attention to one's behavior and using these observations to shape the way one behaves
disinhibition
The tendency to transmit messages without considering their consequences
flaming
angry and or insulting emails text messages or posts
misconceptions about communication
communication does not always require complete understanding, communication will not solve all problems, communication isn't always a good thing, meanings don't rest in words, communication is not simple, more communication isn't always better
Self-concept
Relatively stable set of perceptions each individual holds of himself or herself
physical characteristics
such as tall petite slim etc
social traits
such as outgoing talkative funny etc
Social roles
such as brother sister father
Defining interests
Such as a blogger gamer musician
Talent you possess or lack
Such as intellectual musical artistic athletic
Your belief systems
Such as Christian Jew Muslim Mormon vegan
Self-esteem
The part of self concept that involves a valuations of self worth
Reflected appraisal
The influence of others on one self-concept
Significant other
A person whose opinion is important enough to affect one's self concepts strongly
Self fulfilling prophecy
a prediction or expectation of an event that makes the outcome more likely to occur then would otherwise have been the case
Sex
A biological category such as male female and intersex
Gender
a social constructed set of expectations about what it means to be masculine or feminine
Androgynous
Burning masculine and feminine traits
Attribution
The process of attaching meaning
Self serving bias
The tendency to interpret and explain information in a way that cast but perceiver in the most favorable manner
Empathy
The ability to project oneself onto another persons point of view so as to experience the others thoughts and feelings
Sympathy
Compassion for another situation
Perception checking
A three-part method for verifying the accuracy of interpretations including a description of the sense data teo possible interpretations and a request for confirmation of the interpretations
Identity management
strategies used by communicators to influence the way others view them
Perceived self
The person we believe ourselves to be in moments ofcandor. it may be identical with or different from presenting and Ideal selves
face
The socially approved identity that I communicator tries to present
Face work
verbal and nonverbal behavior designed to create and maintain a communicators face in the face of others
culture
the language, values, beliefs, traditions, and customs people share and learn
salience
how much weight we attach to a particular person or phenomenon
in-groups
groups with which we identify
out-groups
groups of people that we view as different from us
race
a social construct originally created to explain biological differences among people whose ancestors originated in differenet regions of the world
ethnicity
a social construct that refers to the degree to which a person identifies with a particular group, usually on the basis of nationality, religion, culture, or some other unidentifying perspective
individualistic culture
a culture in which members focus on the value and welfare of individual members, as opposed to a concern for the group as a whole
collectivistic culture
a culture in which members focus on the whole welfare of the group as a whole, rather than being concerned mostly about personal success
low-context culture
a culture in which people use language primarily to express thoughts, feelings, and ideas as directly as possible
conflict vs harmony
individualistic cultures are realitivley tolerant of conflicts, whereas members of collectivistic ?cultures place a greater emphasis on harmony
superstar vs team player
individualistic societies are far more likely to produce and reward superstars, while collectivistic sociaties more often produce team players
personal accomplishments vs shared accomplishments
members of individualistic societies are more likely to tout personal accomplishments that put individuals ahead of the group, whereas members of collectivistic societies are typically less egotistical
independence vs dependence
individualistic cultures tend to value independence more than collectivistic cultures, and persons raised in individualistic cultures are often less adapting at seeing others' points of view
high-context culture
a culture that relies heavily on subtle, often nonverbal cues to maintain social harmony
uncertainty avoidance
the cultural tendency to seek stability and honor tradition instead of welcoming risk, uncertainity, and change
power distance
the degree to which members of a group are willing to accept a diffrence in power and status
ethnocentrism
the attitude that one's own culture is superior to that of others
prejudice
an unfairly biased and intolerant attitude toward others who belong to an out-group
stereotyping
the perceptual process of applying created beliefs associated with a categorizing stystem
passive observation
involves noticing what behaviors members f a diffrent culture use and applying these insights to cmmunicate ?in ways that are most effective
active strategies
include reading, watching films, and asking experts and members of other culture how to behave, as well as taking academic courses related to intercultural communication and diversity
self-closure
involves volunteering personal information to people from other cultures with whom you want to communicate
language
a collection of symbols, governed by rules and used to convey mssages between individuals
phonological rules
linguistic rules governing how sounds are combined to form words
syntactic rules
rules that govern the ways in which symbols can be arranged as opposed to the meanings of those symbols
semantic rules
rules that govern the meaning of language as opposed to its structure
pragmatic rules
rules that govern how people use language in everyday interaction
convergence
accommodating one's speaking style to another person, usually a person who is desireable? or has a higher status
divergence
a linguistic strategy in which speakers emphasize differences between their communicative style and that of others in order to crate ?distance
equivocal words
language with more than one likely interpretation
relative words
words that gain their meaning by comparison
slang
lang?uage used by a group of people whose members belong to a similar coculture or other group
jargon
the specialized vocabulary that is used as a kind of shorthand by people with common backgrounds and experience
factual statement
a statement that can be verified as being true or false
opinion statement
a statement based on the speaker's beliefs
inferential statement
conclusion arrived at form an interpretation of evidence
emotive language
language that conveys the sender's attitude rather than simply offering an objective description
euphemism
a pleasant-sound term used in place of a more direct but less pleasant one
equivocation
a vague statement that can be interpreted in more than one way
Hearing
The process where in sound waves strike the eardrum and cause vibrations that are transmitted to the brain
Listening
Process where in the brain reconstructs electrochemical impulses generated by hearing into representations of the original sound and gives them meaning
Attending
The process of focusing on certain stimuli from the environment
understanding
The act of interpreting a message by following syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic rules
Listening Fidelity
The degree of congruence between what a listener understands and what the message sender was attempting to communicate
responding
providing observable feedback to another person's behavior or speech
Remembering
The act of recalling previously introduce information short term and long term
Residual message
The part of a message a receiver can recall after short- and long-term memory loss.
Mindless listening
Passive, low-level information processing
Mindful listening
Active, high-level information processing
pseudo listeners
Receivers who imitates true listening but whose minds are elsewhere
Selective listeners
Receivers who respond only to messages that interest them
Defensive listeners
receivers who perceive speakers comments as an attack
Ambushers
Receivers who listen carefully to gather information to use in an attack on the speaker.
insulated listeners
receivers who ignore undesirable information
Insensitive listeners
receivers who fail to recognize the thoughts or feelings that are not directly expressed by a speaker, instead excepting the speakers words at face value
stage hogs
receivers who are more concerned with making their point than with understanding the speaker
Paraphrasing
feedback in which the receiver rewords the speakers thoughts and feelings to verify understanding, demonstrate empathy, or help others solve their problems
Relational listening
A listening style that is driven primarily by the goal of building emotional closeness with the speaker
Analytical listening
Listening in which the primary goal is to fully understand the message, prior to any evaluation
Critical listening
listening in which the goal is to evaluate the quality or accuracy of the speakers remarks
Supportive listening
The reception approach to use when others seek help for personal dilemmas
Nonverbal communication
Messages expressed by the other than linguistic means
emblems
deliberate nonverbal behaviors that have precise meanings known to everyone within a cultural group
Kinesics
the study of body movement, gesture, and posture
manipulators
movements in which one part of the body grooms, massages, rubs, holds, fidgets, pinches, picks, or otherwise manipulates another part
affect blend
the combination of two or more expressions, each showing a different emotion
Paralanguage
Nonlinguistic means of vocal expression: rate, pitch, tone, and so on.
disfluency
a nonlinguistic verbalization such as um, er, ah
haptics
the study of touch
Proxemics
The study of how people and animals use space
territory
fixed space that an individual assumes some right to occupy
chronemics
the study of how humans use and structure time
Monochronic
The use of time that emphasizes punctuality, schedules, and completing one task at a time.
ploychronic
the use of time that emphasizes flexible schedules in which multiple tasks are pursued at the same time