Laissez-faire leadership
a style of leadership in which the leader provides little direction on the task and makes little effort to develop or maintain relationships between group members
leader-as-completer approach
a leadership approach in which the leader is the person who is responsible for completing tasks that are not finished or undertaken by other group members
lectern
the stand behind which people speak and on which they place their notes
linear model of communication
theory that views communication as a one-way process in which a source conveys an encoded message through a channel to a receiver, who then decodes that message
line graph
a graph that uses lines drawn along two axes that show growth, loss, or flat developments over time
literal analogy
when the two cases being compared are classified the same way
logos
the logical dimension of the appeal
manuscript speech
when a speaker has an entire speech written out word-for-word in front of him/her as he/she speaks
mean
the average of all of the scores in a distribution, which is calculated by adding all of the scores and then dividing by the total number of scores
measures of central tendency
statistics that indicate where the middle of a distribution lies, including the mean, median, and mode
median
the middle number in a distribution of numbers
memorized speech
when a speaker commits an entire speech to memory and delivers it with no notes in front of him/her
message
the content or idea that the sources tries to convey to the audience
metaphor
linguistic device that allows for comparisons between two objects by highlighting qualities of each object in explicit comparison
metonymy
using a tangible object to represent an otherwise intangible thing
mixed metaphor
metaphors that compare two objects that have no logical connection with each other
mode
the score that appears most often in a distribution of numbers
model
a three-dimensional representation of an actual object
moderator
a person who acts as the coordinator of the discussion flow and ensures a civil, organized, and complete delivery of information to the audience
narrative
a story.
necessary cause
a cause that must be present for an effect to happen
noise
anything that can change the message after the source encodes and sends it
object
the thing being discussed, not a model or representation of that thing
panel group presentation
a group presentation in which individual speakers present their ideas on a single topics or a subset or a topic
parallelism
similarly structuring related words, phrases, or clauses of speech
patchworking
a speaker or writer takes original sources material and changes a few words in it, but not enough to consider it a paraphrase, all the while not citing the original source material
patchwork plagiarism
taking ideas from more than one piece of work and putting them together into a new piece of work, and then presenting them as original work without giving due credit to the sources
pathos
the emotional dimensions of the appeal that can influence an audience's disposition toward the topic, speaker, or occasion
peer testimony
testimony from someone who is in the same peer group as the audience but who is not necessarily an expert on the topic
phobias
a persistent, irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that leads to a compelling desire to avoid
physical delivery
elements of speaking that deal with the body
physical location
the immediate environment in which the speaker will be speaking
photograph
a picture of the object about which you are speaking
pie graph
a graph that shows circles that are "sliced" apart to represent percentages of the total "pie" for particular groups or categories
plagiarism
taking the intellectual achievements of another person and presenting the, as one's own
podium
a raised platform on which the speaker stands
profanity
language which is vulgar and irreverent
pronunciation
the accepted standard of how a word sounds when spoken
question of fact
when a speaker seeks to persuade people about to interpret facts
question of policy
when a speaker takes a position on whether an action should or should not be taken
question of value
a persuasive speech about the rightness or wrongness of an idea, action, or issue
real example
an example that is factual
reasoning by analogy
when you compare two similar cases to argue that what is true in one case also true in the other
reasoning by cause
arguments that claim one event or factor produces an effect
reasoning by example
the process of inferring general conclusions and making general claims from specific cases
reasoning by sign
occurs when the presence of one thing indicates the presence of another
receiver
the person or audience that a message is being transmitted to
refutation
response to potential opposition to your argument
regulate
nonverbal actions that help govern the course of a speech or interaction
repeat
when physical actions restate verbals messages
repetition
repeating words and phrases
self-fulfilling prophecy
convincing yourself that something is going to happen before it does, thus leading to the occurrence of what you originally expected
signposts
key words that signal to the audience that you are moving from one part of the speech to another
simile
linguistic device that compares two things through the use of "like" or "as
source
the person responsible for inventing the idea on which they intend to speak and crafting that idea to an audience
speaking tool
devices that assist speakers, such as microphones, podiums, lecterns, and lighting
specific purpose statement
a narrower version of the general purpose statement that identifies what you will talk about, what you will say about it, and what you hope the audience will take away from the speech
standard deviation
a measure of variability that indicates how spread apart the numbers in a distribution are
statistics
numbers that summarize and organize sets of numbers to make them easier to understand or visualize
subordination
process of creating a hierarchy of ideas in which the most general ideas appear first, followed by more specific ideas
substitute
physical actions that take the place of verbal messages
sufficient cause
a cause that can produce the effect in question
synecdoche
using one part of something to represent the whole thing
systematic desensitization
the process in which people are slowly introduced to their fear so that each time they overcome the fear, the intensity is decreased
terminal credibility
the level of credibility that you have when your speech concludes and that is the sum of your initial credibility and derived credibility
testimony
using the words of other people as evidence
thesis
a carefully worded one-sentence encapsulation of exactly what you will cover in your speech
transactional model of communication
the theory that views communication as a constant process in which all parties simultaneously play the roles of sender and receiver
transition
connective statements that signal you are finished with one point and moving on to another
verbal delivery
elements of speaking that deal with voice
vital function approach
a leadership approach that calls upon group leaders to perform tasks others in the group either cannot or are not qualified to perform
Voice Over Internet Protocol (VOIP)
allows for voice and images to be sent live over the Web to another person.