exercise physiology

2 major systems involved in the homeostatic bodily functions are

endocrine and nervous system

the concentration of a hormone in the blood depends does NOT depend on:

the chemical structure of the hormone

while hormones circulate to all tissues, some affect only a few tissues. This is due to the

type of receptor at the tissue

steroid hormones exert their effect by

altering the activity of DNA

given the importance of maintaining the plasma glucose concentration during exercise, insulin secretion would be expected to _____ during exercise?

decrease

the concentration of a hormone can be increased by:

decreasing the affinity, capacity or number of transport proteins for that particular hormone

when adenylate cyclase is activated by a hormone, the concentration of cyclic AMP increases in the cell even though the hormone does not enter the cell. This is an example of the _____ mechanism of hormone action

second messeger (calcium, inositol triphosphate, cyclic A&P, diglycerol)

chronic exposure to high levels of a hormone results in "up regulation" of receptors

FALSE

the decrease in plasma volume and the increase in the osmolatity of the plans during exercise results in ____ in antidiuretic hormone

an increase

when calcium levels are low, this hormone will be released from the ____ gland.

parathyroid hormone, parathyroid gland

which hormones are believed to exert a "permissive" effect on the mobilization of glucose from liver and FFA from adipose tissue

T3 and T4

which is a hormone that is secreted by the adrenal medulla?

epinephrine

the adrenal cortex secretes different types of

hormones

the decrease in plasma volume and the increase in the osmolality of the plasma during exercise results in____ in auderetic hormones

increase

which hormones are secreted from adipose tissue

leptin and adriponectin

which hormones are part of the general adaptive syndrome and is called the stress hormone

cortisol

the primary effect of the elevated plasma concentration of growth hormone during intense exercise is to

favors the mobilization of FFA and reduces tissue use of blood glucose

during exercise epinephrine and norepinephrine stimulate liver glycogenolysis indirectly by

increasing glucagon secretion from the pancreas

given the importance of maintaining the plasma glucose concentration during exercise, insulin secretion would be expected to ____ during exercise

decrease

the mobilization of free fatty acids from adipose tissue and glucose from liver glycogen would be stimulated by

a decrease in insulin and an increase in glucagon

insuline secretion would be highest

after a meal

a hormone that is released from the pancreas at a higher rate during exercise to mobilize liver glucose and adipose tissue fatty acids

glucagon

during exercise blood glucose concentration is maintained by all of the following except

elevated concentration of insulin

the changes in the plasma concentration of most of the hormones during maximal exercise would stimulate fatty acid mobilization from adipose tissue. The plasma free fatty acid concentration however, actually decreases. Why does this occur?

High insulin levels secreted during maximal exercise interfere with fatty acid mobilization

As a result of training, the sympathetic nervous systems response to a fixed submaximal work rate

is decreased

The primary effect of the elevated plasma concentration of growth hormone during intense exercise is to

Favor the mobilization of FFA and reduces tissue use of blood glucose

During exercise of about 40% VO2 max, the concentration of plasma cortisol

Is lower than at rest

Which of the following hormones is believed to exert a 'permissive' effect on the mobilization of glucose from liver and FFA from adipose tissue

T3 and T4

Muscle glycogen breakdown is stimulated by the catecholamine's. It is also stimulated by

Increased intracellular Ca++

The term describing the cessation of the menstrual cycle resulting from lower estrogen levels in some female athletes is

Amenorrhea

A hormone that is released from the pancreas at a higher rate during exercise to mobilize live glucose and adipose tissue fatty acids is

glucagon

Given the importance of maintain the plasma glucose concentration during exercise, insulin secretion would be expected to ________ during exercise?

decrease

Which of the following may be related to changes in mood and pain perception during endurance exercise

endorphines

While hormones circulate to all tissues, some affect only a few tissues. This is due to the

the type of receptor at the tissue

steroid hormones exert their effect by

altering the activity of DNA

Which of the following hormones is secreted by the thyroid gland and plays a role in the regulation of plasma calcium levels?

calcitonin

Which of the following is a hormone that is secreted by the adrenal medulla?

epinephrine

Which of the following immune cells are a component of the innate immune system?

Natural killer cells

The system that destroys bacteria by creating holes in the surface is

Compliment system

In the adaptive immune system, the role of B cells is to

Produce antibodies

The T cells that primary attack virus- containing cells are

killer T cells

In acute inflammation, vasodilation results in

Edema, heat, redness

______ inflammation has been linked to increase risk of cancer, diabetes, and heart disease.

low grade

in the adaptive immune system, the role of B cells is to

produce antibodies

the T cells that primarily attack virus containing cells are

Killer T Cells

a single bout of exercise can provide a positive boost to

the innate immune systems and acquired immune system

the immune function may be depressed following strenuous exercise due to the high levels of

cortisol

immune function is most affected exercise?

at a high altitude

exercise should be avoided if cold symptoms include

a fever

the cell membrane and around the muscle fiber or cell is called the

...

the layer of connective tissue that surrounds the outside of skeletal muscle is called the

epimysium

satellite cells

are undifferentiated cells that play a key role in muscle growth and repair

the two principals contractile proteins found in skeletal muscle are

actin and myosin

calcium is stored in muscle within the

sarcoplasmic reticulum

the formation of cross bridges in the contractile process in skeletal muscle is

calcium binding in troponin

the breakdown of ATP in muscle is accomplished via the enzyme

ATPase

which of the following events in muscle contraction is the first to occur chronologically

the innovating alpha-motor neuron has an action potential

the fastest type of muscle is

2X

isoform

a protein that has the same function as another protein but is encoded by different gene and may have small differences in its sequence

myosin exists in several different forms, the term used to describe this multigene family in which there are several different genes specifically coded for different MHC protein molecules is:

a isoform

while hormones circulate to all tissues, some affect only few tissues. This is due to the:

Type of receptor at the tissue

the immune cells that primarily attack cancer cells are

natural killer cells

chronic inflammation can result in high levels of:

C reactive protein

a SLOW STRETCH on a muscle would result in muscle relaxation via the

muscle spindle

the discontinuous sheath that covers the outside of most axons is?

myelin

glucagon

mobilizes liver glucose and adipose tissue fatty acids

why does the plasma free fatty acid concentration decrease during high levels of intensity even though triglycerides are available?

lactic acid

in the second messenger Ca++ enters the cell and often binds to:

calmodulin

how can exercising muscle take up glucose seven to twenty times faster than at rest if the insulin concentration is decreasing?

exercise induced changes in the number of glucose transporters

what molecule is hydrolyzed into two intracellular molecules called inositol triphosphate and discyglycerol

phosphatidylinositol

which immune cells produce antibodies

B Cells

which leukocytes functions are a phagocyte in the innate immune system

neutrophils

which cell of the acquired immune system attacks virus-containing cells

Killer T cells

which acquired immune cell protects the body from attaching itself

regulatory T cells

the immune function may be depressed following strenuous exercise due to high levels of:

cortisol

the electrical charge difference at rest is called:

resting membrane potential

what mechanism ensure that there is little change in resting membrane potential

sodium/potassium pump

categories for the afferent division of the peripheral nervous system

special, visceral, somatic

the first stage of the generation of neural message is:

the entry of sodium into the cell

the outermost layer that surrounds the entire muscle is called the

epimysium

when we talk about fiber type conversion we are actually talking about a change in the:

phenotype

the greatest contribution in strength gains during the first 8-10 weeks are due to what?

neural control

a muscle fiber may have different types of MHC in their sarcomere is called a

a hybrid fiber

what is the obligatory pathway of fiber type conversion in mammals

MHC 1 <-> MHC 2a <-> MHC 2d/x <-> MHC 2b

term used to denote that muscle fibers have split and there is an increase win the number of muscle fibers

hyperplasia

what is the formula for work

force x distance

force time distance/ time is termed _______

power

increase in muscle fiber size is called _______

hypertrophy

responsible for increased protein synthesis in the cell or even new muscle fibers if hyperplasia exists in human

satellite cells