2 major systems involved in the homeostatic bodily functions are
endocrine and nervous system
the concentration of a hormone in the blood depends does NOT depend on:
the chemical structure of the hormone
while hormones circulate to all tissues, some affect only a few tissues. This is due to the
type of receptor at the tissue
steroid hormones exert their effect by
altering the activity of DNA
given the importance of maintaining the plasma glucose concentration during exercise, insulin secretion would be expected to _____ during exercise?
decrease
the concentration of a hormone can be increased by:
decreasing the affinity, capacity or number of transport proteins for that particular hormone
when adenylate cyclase is activated by a hormone, the concentration of cyclic AMP increases in the cell even though the hormone does not enter the cell. This is an example of the _____ mechanism of hormone action
second messeger (calcium, inositol triphosphate, cyclic A&P, diglycerol)
chronic exposure to high levels of a hormone results in "up regulation" of receptors
FALSE
the decrease in plasma volume and the increase in the osmolatity of the plans during exercise results in ____ in antidiuretic hormone
an increase
when calcium levels are low, this hormone will be released from the ____ gland.
parathyroid hormone, parathyroid gland
which hormones are believed to exert a "permissive" effect on the mobilization of glucose from liver and FFA from adipose tissue
T3 and T4
which is a hormone that is secreted by the adrenal medulla?
epinephrine
the adrenal cortex secretes different types of
hormones
the decrease in plasma volume and the increase in the osmolality of the plasma during exercise results in____ in auderetic hormones
increase
which hormones are secreted from adipose tissue
leptin and adriponectin
which hormones are part of the general adaptive syndrome and is called the stress hormone
cortisol
the primary effect of the elevated plasma concentration of growth hormone during intense exercise is to
favors the mobilization of FFA and reduces tissue use of blood glucose
during exercise epinephrine and norepinephrine stimulate liver glycogenolysis indirectly by
increasing glucagon secretion from the pancreas
given the importance of maintaining the plasma glucose concentration during exercise, insulin secretion would be expected to ____ during exercise
decrease
the mobilization of free fatty acids from adipose tissue and glucose from liver glycogen would be stimulated by
a decrease in insulin and an increase in glucagon
insuline secretion would be highest
after a meal
a hormone that is released from the pancreas at a higher rate during exercise to mobilize liver glucose and adipose tissue fatty acids
glucagon
during exercise blood glucose concentration is maintained by all of the following except
elevated concentration of insulin
the changes in the plasma concentration of most of the hormones during maximal exercise would stimulate fatty acid mobilization from adipose tissue. The plasma free fatty acid concentration however, actually decreases. Why does this occur?
High insulin levels secreted during maximal exercise interfere with fatty acid mobilization
As a result of training, the sympathetic nervous systems response to a fixed submaximal work rate
is decreased
The primary effect of the elevated plasma concentration of growth hormone during intense exercise is to
Favor the mobilization of FFA and reduces tissue use of blood glucose
During exercise of about 40% VO2 max, the concentration of plasma cortisol
Is lower than at rest
Which of the following hormones is believed to exert a 'permissive' effect on the mobilization of glucose from liver and FFA from adipose tissue
T3 and T4
Muscle glycogen breakdown is stimulated by the catecholamine's. It is also stimulated by
Increased intracellular Ca++
The term describing the cessation of the menstrual cycle resulting from lower estrogen levels in some female athletes is
Amenorrhea
A hormone that is released from the pancreas at a higher rate during exercise to mobilize live glucose and adipose tissue fatty acids is
glucagon
Given the importance of maintain the plasma glucose concentration during exercise, insulin secretion would be expected to ________ during exercise?
decrease
Which of the following may be related to changes in mood and pain perception during endurance exercise
endorphines
While hormones circulate to all tissues, some affect only a few tissues. This is due to the
the type of receptor at the tissue
steroid hormones exert their effect by
altering the activity of DNA
Which of the following hormones is secreted by the thyroid gland and plays a role in the regulation of plasma calcium levels?
calcitonin
Which of the following is a hormone that is secreted by the adrenal medulla?
epinephrine
Which of the following immune cells are a component of the innate immune system?
Natural killer cells
The system that destroys bacteria by creating holes in the surface is
Compliment system
In the adaptive immune system, the role of B cells is to
Produce antibodies
The T cells that primary attack virus- containing cells are
killer T cells
In acute inflammation, vasodilation results in
Edema, heat, redness
______ inflammation has been linked to increase risk of cancer, diabetes, and heart disease.
low grade
in the adaptive immune system, the role of B cells is to
produce antibodies
the T cells that primarily attack virus containing cells are
Killer T Cells
a single bout of exercise can provide a positive boost to
the innate immune systems and acquired immune system
the immune function may be depressed following strenuous exercise due to the high levels of
cortisol
immune function is most affected exercise?
at a high altitude
exercise should be avoided if cold symptoms include
a fever
the cell membrane and around the muscle fiber or cell is called the
...
the layer of connective tissue that surrounds the outside of skeletal muscle is called the
epimysium
satellite cells
are undifferentiated cells that play a key role in muscle growth and repair
the two principals contractile proteins found in skeletal muscle are
actin and myosin
calcium is stored in muscle within the
sarcoplasmic reticulum
the formation of cross bridges in the contractile process in skeletal muscle is
calcium binding in troponin
the breakdown of ATP in muscle is accomplished via the enzyme
ATPase
which of the following events in muscle contraction is the first to occur chronologically
the innovating alpha-motor neuron has an action potential
the fastest type of muscle is
2X
isoform
a protein that has the same function as another protein but is encoded by different gene and may have small differences in its sequence
myosin exists in several different forms, the term used to describe this multigene family in which there are several different genes specifically coded for different MHC protein molecules is:
a isoform
while hormones circulate to all tissues, some affect only few tissues. This is due to the:
Type of receptor at the tissue
the immune cells that primarily attack cancer cells are
natural killer cells
chronic inflammation can result in high levels of:
C reactive protein
a SLOW STRETCH on a muscle would result in muscle relaxation via the
muscle spindle
the discontinuous sheath that covers the outside of most axons is?
myelin
glucagon
mobilizes liver glucose and adipose tissue fatty acids
why does the plasma free fatty acid concentration decrease during high levels of intensity even though triglycerides are available?
lactic acid
in the second messenger Ca++ enters the cell and often binds to:
calmodulin
how can exercising muscle take up glucose seven to twenty times faster than at rest if the insulin concentration is decreasing?
exercise induced changes in the number of glucose transporters
what molecule is hydrolyzed into two intracellular molecules called inositol triphosphate and discyglycerol
phosphatidylinositol
which immune cells produce antibodies
B Cells
which leukocytes functions are a phagocyte in the innate immune system
neutrophils
which cell of the acquired immune system attacks virus-containing cells
Killer T cells
which acquired immune cell protects the body from attaching itself
regulatory T cells
the immune function may be depressed following strenuous exercise due to high levels of:
cortisol
the electrical charge difference at rest is called:
resting membrane potential
what mechanism ensure that there is little change in resting membrane potential
sodium/potassium pump
categories for the afferent division of the peripheral nervous system
special, visceral, somatic
the first stage of the generation of neural message is:
the entry of sodium into the cell
the outermost layer that surrounds the entire muscle is called the
epimysium
when we talk about fiber type conversion we are actually talking about a change in the:
phenotype
the greatest contribution in strength gains during the first 8-10 weeks are due to what?
neural control
a muscle fiber may have different types of MHC in their sarcomere is called a
a hybrid fiber
what is the obligatory pathway of fiber type conversion in mammals
MHC 1 <-> MHC 2a <-> MHC 2d/x <-> MHC 2b
term used to denote that muscle fibers have split and there is an increase win the number of muscle fibers
hyperplasia
what is the formula for work
force x distance
force time distance/ time is termed _______
power
increase in muscle fiber size is called _______
hypertrophy
responsible for increased protein synthesis in the cell or even new muscle fibers if hyperplasia exists in human
satellite cells