Three important functions of blood during exercise:
Transportation, temperature regulation, acid-base balance
Blood varies with:
Body size and state of training
The blood volumes of people of average body size and normal physical activity for men and women:
5-6L in men, 4-5L in women
55% of blood is made of up of:
Plasma
90% of blood plasma is:
Water
7% of blood plasma is:
Plasma proteins
3% of blood plasma is:
other
45% of blood is:
Formed elements
> 99% of formed elements:
Red blood cells
< 1% of formed elements is:
white blood cells and platelets
White blood cells are also known as:
Leukocytes
Protect body from disease organisms:
Leukocytes
Blood platelets are also known as:
Thrombocytes
Cell fragments that help blood coagulation:
Blood platelets
Red blood cells are also known as:
Erythrocytes
Carry oxygen to tissues with the help of hemoglobin:
Red blood cells
The percentage of the total blood volume composed of red blood cells is referred to as the:
Hematocrit
Hematocrit typically varies between:
40% and 45%
Higher hematocrits result in higher blood:
Viscosity
Mature red blood cells have no ____ so they can't ____:
nucleus, reproduce
The normal life span of a red blood cell is about:
4 months
Red blood cells may be destroyed during:
Exercise
Destruction of red blood cells occurs to wear and tear of _____, increased _____, _______
Circulation, temperature, pounding of feet while running
What is the another name for the destruction of red blood cells by the pounding of the feet while running:
Foot strike hemolysis
Red blood cells transport oxygen primarily bound to their:
Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin is composed of a protein ____ and a pigment ____
Globin, heme
Heme contains ___, which binds ____:
Iron, oxygen
There is an average of __g of Hb per 100mL of blood:
15
Each gram of Hb can bind _.__ mL of oxygen:
1.33
Women possess __%-__% less hemoglobin than men:
10%-14%
Is the maximal oxygen transport:
20 mL Oxygen/100 mL blood
An increase in either vessel length or blood viscosity results in a ____ increase in resistance:
Proportional
Reducing the radius of a blood vessel by one-half would increase resistance __-fold
16
At rest average heart rate is:
60-80bpm
In highly-conditioned endurance athletes, resting heart rates in the range of __ to __ beats have been reported:
28-40
HR is lowest in the ___ position, and increases with ____, then increases again upon ____:
supine, sitting, standing
The increase in heart rate before exercise is referred to as an ______ response:
Anticipatory
Anticipatory response is mediated through _______ secretion from both the sympathetic nervous system and the adrenal medulla:
Catecholamine
The ____ ____ ____ is the highest heart rate value you can achieve in an all-out effort to the point of exhaustion:
Maximum heart rate
The heart rate plateau reached during constant rate of submaximal work:
Steady-state heart rate
The lower the steady state heart rate the more _____ the heart and is explained by:
Efficient, higher stroke volume
Main determinant of cardiorespiratory endurance capacity at maximal rates of work:
Stroke volume
Stroke volume increases with increasing rates of work up to intensities of __% to __% of max or higher
40%-60%
Explanation for stroke volume increase during exercise that states due to increased stretch of the ventricle it contracts with more force:
Frank-Starling mechanism
Explanation for stroke volume increase during exercise that states volume increases due to increase in amount of force produced at a given fiber length due to catecholamines:
Contractility
Explanation for stroke volume increase during exercise that states stroke volume increases due to vasodilation of blood vessels in working muscles:
Decreased peripheral resistance
Resting value for cardiac output is approximately:
5L per minute
Cardiac output increases directly with increasing exercise intensity to at least __ to __ L per minute:
20 to 40
____ BP increases in direct proportion to increased exercise intensity:
Systolic
____ BP changes little if any during endurance exercise, regardless of intensity:
Diastolic
Some BP increases during resistance exercise are attributed to the:
Valsalva maneuver
During exercise, the RPP _____, reflecting a higher cost to the heart:
Increases
Amount of oxygen extracted from the blood as it travels through the body:
Arterial-venous oxygen difference
Is calculated as the difference between the oxygen content of arterial blood and venous blood:
Arterial-venous oxygen difference
Arterial-venous oxygen difference _____ with increasing rates of exercise as more oxygen is taken from blood:
Increases
The ____ _____ represents the relationship of the body's oxygen consumption to the arterial-venous oxygen difference and cardiac output:
Fick equation
Plasma volume ____ during exercise:
Decreases
The loss of plasma volume results in a higher concentration of red blood cells per unit of blood and is called:
Hemoconcentration
Blood pH _______ due to increased blood lactate accumulation with increasing exercise intensity:
Decreases
The exchange of gasses in the lungs:
External respiration
Exchange of gasses by the tissues:
Internal respiration
Also called cellular respiration and refers to Oxygen utilization and Carbon Dioxide production during energy production:
Tissue respiration
Mechanical process of moving air into and out of the lungs:
Ventilation
Random movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration:
Diffusion
The respiratory system consists of passageways that filter air and transport it to the lungs where gas exchange occurs in the _____:
Alveoli
The air passages of the respiratory system are divided into two functional zones: the ____ zone and the ____ zone:
Conducting, respiratory
The zone that includes all anatomical structures that air passes on the way to the respiratory zone and includes everything but the alveoli:
Conducting zone
In addition to being transported, air in the conducting zone is:
Temp adjusted, filtered, humidified
Gas exchange in the lungs occurs across about ___ alveoli:
300 million
The total surface area available for diffusion in the human lung is __ - __ square meters:
60-80
Movement of molecules along a passageway due to a pressure difference between the two ends of the passageway:
Bulk flow
Is the only skeletal muscle we cannot live without:
Diaphragm
The most important muscle of inspiration:
Diaphragm
When the diaphragm contracts, it forces the abdominal contents ___ and ____:
Downward and forward
The 4 muscles of inspiration:
Sternocledomastoid, Scalenes, External intercostals, diaphragm
Expiration at rest is a ____ process:
Passive
During exercise and voluntary hyperventilation, expiration is:
Active
The 5 muscles of expiration:
Internal intercostals, external oblique, internal oblique, transverse abs, rectus abs
Mucous can ____ airflow:
Restrict
Typically occurs during or shortly after exercise, and is thought to be due to breathing cold, dry, or polluted air:
Exercise-induced asthma
Asthma induced by blowing more water out than taking in, drying out lung passageways:
Water loss theory:
Theory that asthma is caused by transition of air temps that rapid change irritates lung passageways:
Heat exchange theory
The movement of air into and out of the lungs:
Pulmonary Ventilation
This is the amount of gas ventilated per minute and is equivalent to cardiac output:
Minute ventilation
The amount of gas moved per breath:
Tidal volume
Is the product of frequency of breathing and the amount of gas moved per breath:
Minute ventilation
During maximal exercise, ventilation may reach ___-___ liters per minute, with a volume of approximately _-_._ liters and a frequency of __-__:
120-175, 3-3.5, 40-50
The unused ventilation is called ____-____ ventilation and the space it accupies is known as _____ _____ _____:
dead-space, anatomical dead space
The volume of inspired gas that reaches the respiratory zone is referred to as ____ _____:
Alveolar ventilation
Approximately __% of the total minute ventilation reaches the alveoli, while __% remains in the conducting zone:
70%, 30%
Pulmonary volumes can be measured using:
Spirometry
Lung volumes are:
non-overlapping
Volume of gas inspired or expired during unforced respiratory cycle:
Tidal volume
The volume of gas that can be inspired at the end of tidal inspiration:
Inspiratory reserve
The volume of gas that can be expired at the end of a tidal expiration:
Expiratory reserve
The volume of gas left in the lungs after a maximal expiration:
Residual volume
The total amount of gas in the lungs at the end of a maximal expiration:
Total lung capacity
The maximum amount of gas that can be expired after a maximum inspiration:
Vital capacity
Tidal + reserve =
Inspiratory capacity
The maximum amount of gas that can be inspired at the end of a tidal expiration:
Inspiratory capacity
The amount of gas remaining in the lungs after a normal quiet tidal expiration:
Function residual capacity
Dynamic measures of pulmonary ventilation depend on two factors:
Volume and speed of air moved
Reflects the expiratory power and overall resistance to air movement in the lungs:
FEV to FVC
Normally FEV/FVC averages about __%:
85%
The dynamic assessment of ventilatory capacity requires rapid deep breathing for 15 seconds and is extrapolated to 1 minute:
Maximum voluntary ventilation
According to _____ law, the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the pressures that each gas would exert independently:
Daltons
The pressure that each gas exerts independently:
Partial pressure
The absolute pressure a gas exerts:
Barometric pressure
Percent of Oxygen:
21
Percent of Nitrogen:
79
Percent of Carbon Dioxide:
.03
The major factor that determines the amount of dissolved gas in the blood is the:
Partial pressure
Pulmonary has the ___ rate of flow as the systemic circuit:
Same
When standing, most of the blood flow is to the ___ of the lung:
Base
Indicates matching of blood flow to ventilation:
Ventilation/perfusion ratio
Base ratio (ratio < 1.0):
Overperfused
Apex ratio (ratio >1.0):
Underperfused
Perfusion means:
Blood
For transport in the blood CO2 is transformed into:
Bicarbonate
Even though only small volumes of O2 and Co2 are dissolved they are determined by:
Partial Pressure
The binding of O2 to hemoglobin forms:
Oxyhemoglobin
Hemoglobin that is not bound to O2 is referred to as:
Deoxyhemoglobin
The goal of O2 in the lungs is:
Oxyhemoglobin
____ partial pressure causes binding of O2 and hemoglobin:
High
____ have highest partial pressure while ____ have the lowest:
Lungs, Muscles
Blood pH _____ during heavy exercise:
Declines
A decline in pH favors _____ of oxygen to tissues
Offloading
Decrease in pH occurs in the ____ but not the ____;
Muscle, Lungs
An increase in body temp results in a ____ Hb-Oxygen bond:
Weaker
Shuttles Oxygen from the cell membrane to the mitochondria:
Myoglobin
Has a higher affinity for Oxygen than hemoglobin:
Myoglobin
What percent of CO2 is dissolved in plasma, bound to Hb, and a bicarbonate:
Plasma - 10%
Bound to Hb - 20%
Bicarbonate - 70%
During incremental(graded) exercise there is a ______ increase in ventilation: up to ~50 - 75% VO2 max:
Linear
Exercising beyond 50-75% VO2 max increases ventilation _______:
Exponentially
The point where ventilation increases exponentially is called:
Ventilatory Threshold
The reason you breathe more during exercise is to get rid of ____:
CO2
How much you ventilate is related to how much ___ produced:
CO2
The respiratory control center in the ____ _____ directly controls contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm:
Medulla Oblongata
Inspiratory center neurons innervate diaphrgm:
Dorsal respiratory group
Expiration and inspiration during forced breathing:
Ventral respiratory group
Provides inspiratory drive in dorsal respiratory group:
Apneustic area
Cutoff switch of inspiration:
Pneumotaxic area
Central chemoreceptors are located in the:
Medulla
Peripheral chemoreceptors are located in the:
Aortic and carotid bodies
Neural input comes from the:
Motor cortex or skeletal muscle
Oxygen changes do not drive:
Ventilation
Stretch reflex in lungs when lungs are full causing exhalation:
Hering-breuer relfex
Linear increase in ventilation is caused by what 3 things:
Central command
Humoral chemoreceptors
Neural feedback
Excessive rate and depth of ventilation causing abnormal loss of CO2:
Hyperventilation
Elevated breathing, for example during exercise necessary to keep CO2 levels down:
Hyperpnea
Difficult or labored breathing(struggling for air):
Dyspnea
Normal breathing at rest:
Eupnea
Occurs when we reach steady state exercise:
Second wind
Probably cuase by exchemia to intercostals or gravitational pulling of muscles causing pain:
Stitch-in-the-side