The circulatory system works with the _______ system. Either ___________ system or __________ system
pulmonary; cardiopulmonary, cardiorespiratory
What are the three characteristics of blood?
plasma, cells, hematocrit
Purposes of the cardiorespiratory system include:
Transport ___ and _______ to tissues
Removal of ___ wastes from tissues
Regulation of ____ ________
O2, nutrients; CO2; body temperature
Plasma is the ______ portion of blood that contains _______, __________, and ________.
liquid; ions, proteins, hormones
Two major adjustments of blood flow during exercise include increase _____ ________ and redistribution of _____ ______ from inactive organs to active muscle.
cardiac output, blood flow
What are the three types of cells?
RBC, WBC, Platelets
Heart creates _____ to pump blood
pressure
Red blood cells contain ___________ to carry oxygen
hemoglobin
Arteries and arterioles carry blood _____ from heart
away
White blood cells are important in preventing _________
infection
Capillaries exchange of ____, ____, and _______ with tissues
O2, CO2, nutrients
Platelets are important in blood __________
clotting
Veins and venules carry blood ______ heart
toward
Hematocrit is the percentage of blood composed of ________
cells
Pulmonary circuit is located on the _____ side of the heart
right
Blood flow is directly proportional to ______ difference between the two ends of the system. Inversely proportional to ___________
pressure; resistance
Pulmonary circuit pumps __________ blood to the lungs via pulmonary arteries
deoxygenated
Pressure is proportional to the difference between ___ and ____ arterial pressure
MAP, right
Pulmonary circuit returns _______ blood to the left side of the heart via pulmonary veins
oxygenated
Hemodynamics
Resistance depends upon _______ of the vessel, _______ of the blood, and ________ of the vessel (greatest influence of resistance)
length, viscosity, radius
Systemic circuit is located on the ______ side of the heart
left
Resistance = ?
Resistance = (Length x velocity) / radius^4
Systemic circuit pumps _________ blood to the whole body via arteries
oxygenated
Sources of vascular resistance include MAP decrease throughout the _________ circulation. Largest BP drop occurs across the _________.
systemic, arterioles (arterioles are called "resistance vessels")
Systemic circuit returns __________ blood to the right side of the heart via veins
deoxygenated
Oxygen demand by muscles during exercise is ___-___x greater than at rest
15-25x
The heart wall contains what three layers?
Epicardium (outer protective layer), Myocardium (cardiac muscle), Endocardium (inner membrane encloses to keep blood in control)
Increased O2 delivery is accomplished by increased _______ _________, and redistribution of ______ ________ from inactive organs to working skeletal muscle .
cardiac output, blood flow
Cardiac output increases due to increased _____ ______ and ______ ________
heart rate and stroke volume
Myocardium receives blood supply via ______ arteries. High demand for ______ and _______
coronary; oxygen, nutrients
Myocardial infarction (MI)- blockage in coronary blood flow results in _____ damage
cell
Increased HR:
for adults: Max HR = ?
Max HR= 220-age (years)
Systole is the ______ phase. ________ of blood
contraction, ejection
increased HR:
for children: Max HR = ?
Max HR= 208-0.7 x age (years)
How much blood is ejected from ventricles per beat?
2/3
Increased SV- increases and then plateau at ___-___% VO2 max? No plateau in highly trained subjects
40-60%
Diastole is the _______ phase. ______ with blood
relaxation, filling
Arteriovenous difference is the amount of ___ that is taken up from 100 mL of blood
O2
At rest, which is longer, diastole or systole?
diastole
Arteriovenous difference increases during exercise due to higher O2 uptake in _______. Used for _______ ATP production.
tissues, oxidative
During exercise, which is shorter, systole or diastole?
both- are heart is beating faster
Fick equation is the relationship between what three things?
cardiac output (Q), Arteriovenous difference (a-vO2 difference), and VO2
Fick equation
VO2 = CO x a-vO2 difference
The heart has a two-step pumping action:
Right and left atria contract together emptying blood into the _______
Ventricles contract approximately ____ seconds after atrial contraction
ventricles, 0.1 seconds
Total cardiac cycle is ___ seconds at rest
___ seconds in diastole
___ seconds in systole
0.8 seconds; 0.5, 0.3
Redistribution of Blood Flow During Exercise
Increased blood flow to working skeletal muscle. At rest, ___-___% of cardiac output to muscle. Increases to ___-___% during maximal exercise.
15-20%; 80-85%
During diastole, pressure in ventricles is ____
Filling with blood from atria- ___ valves open when
ventricular P< atrial P
low; AV valves
Decreased blood flow to less active organs like which three?
liver, kidneys, GI tract
During systole, pressure in ventricles ______
Blood ejected in pulmonary and systemic circulation: _________ valves open when
ventricular P> aortic P
rises; semilunar valves
Redistribution depends on ________ rate, exercise intensity.
metabolic rate
Heart sounds: first sound is the closing of _____ valves. The second sound is the closing of ______ and ______ valves
AV valves, aortic and pulmonary valves
Regulation of local blood flow during exercise uses skeletal muscle _________ and __________ to visceral organs and inactive tissues.
vasodilation, vasoconstriction
Systolic pressure is pressure generated during _______ contraction
ventricular
Skeletal muscle vasodilation uses ____________
autoregulation
Diastolic pressure is pressure in the _______ during cardiac relaxation
arteries
Autoregulation causes blood flow to increase to meet ______ demands of tissues. This is due to changes what 6 things?
metabolic; O2 tension, CO2 tension, nitric oxide, potassium, adenosine, and pH
Pulse pressure is the difference between ______ and _______
systolic and diastolic
Changes in HR and BP depend on what?
type, intensity, and duration of exercise; environmental condition
Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)
MAP= DBP + 0.33 (SBP-DBP)
_________ HR and BP in emotionally charged environment due to increases in _____ activity.
elevated, SNS
Hypertension is when blood pressure is above what?
140/90 mmHg
Emotional influence- can increase ____-_________ HR and BP. Does not increase peak HR and BP ________ exercise.
pre-exercise, during
Primary (essential) hypertension- causes are unknown (multifactorial); ___% of cases of hypertension
90%
At onset of exercise, rapid increase in ____, ___, ______ _______. Plateau in _______ (below lactate threshold) exercise.
HR, SV, cardiac output; submaximal
_________ hypertension is a result of some other disease processes
Secondary
During recovery, _______ in HR, SV, and cardiac output toward resting levels. This depends on _____ and _____ of exercise and _____ state of subject.
decrease; intensity and duration; training
Hypertension leaves a risk factor for what 4 things?
Left ventricle hypertrophy, atherosclerosis and heart attack, kidney damage, stroke
Incremental exercise- Heart rate and cardiac output increase _________ with increasing work rate. Reaches a plateau at ____% VO2 max.
linearly, 100%
What are the two determinants of mean arterial pressure (MAP)?
cardiac output, total vascular resistance
Blood pressure- mean arterial pressure increases ______. _______ BP increases and ________ BP remains fairly constant.
linearly; Systolic, diastolic
Factors that Influence Arterial Blood Pressure
short-term regulation and long-term regulation
Double product (rate-pressure product) increases linearly with exercise ________. Indicates the work of the heart.
intensity
Short-term regulation involves the ________ nervous system
Baroreceptors in _____ and _____ arteries
an increase in BP= _____ in SNS activity
a decrease in BP= _______ SNS activity
sympathetic; aorta, carotid arteries; decrease; increase
Double product = ?
Double product = HR x systolic BP
Long-term regulation involves the ________, via control of blood volume and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
kidneys
Arm vs. Legs Exercise
At the same oxygen uptake, arm work results in higher what? (2)
Heart rate, blood pressure
Contraction of the heart depends on electrical stimulation of the _______
myocardium
Higher HR due to higher _________ stimulation
sympathetic
Conduction system involves what four things?
Sinoartial node (SA node), atrioventricular node (AV node), Bundle Branches (left and right), Purkinje fibers
Higher blood pressure due to _____________ of large inactive muscle mass
vasoconstriction
Sinoartial node (SA node)
pacemaker, initiates depolarization
Intermittent Exercise-
Recovery of HR and BP between bouts depend on what three things?
fitness level, temperature and humidity, duration and intensity of exercise
Atrioventricular node (AV node) passes depolarization to ______. Brief delay allowing for ventricular filling
ventricles
Prolonged exercise-
____ ______ is maintained
cardiac output
Bundle Branches (left and right) connect _____ to left and right ventricle
atria
Prolonged exercise-
Gradual decrease in ____ _______ due to dehydration and reduced plasma volume.
stroke volume
Prolonged exercise-
Gradual increase in ______ ______ during prolonged exercise (particularly in heat); cardiovascular drift.
heart rate
Purkinje fibers spread wave of ________ throughout ventricles
depolarization
Electrocardiogram (ECG) records ________ activity of the heart
electrical
Sudden cardiac death during exercise is uncommon. __/______ youth athletes
1/200,000
P wave
artial depolarization
Sudden cardiac death during exercise is caused by abnormal, lethal heart rhythms and in children and adolescents, due to what 3 things?
Genetic abnormalities of coronary arteries, cardiomyopathy, myocarditis
QRS complex- __________ depolarization and ________ repolarization
ventricular, atrial
In adults, due to what 2 things?
coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy
T wave- ________ repolarization
ventricular
Central Command Theory:
Initial signal to "drive" the _________ system comes from higher brain centers. Due to centrally generated motor signals.
cardiovascular
ECG abnormalities may indicate ______ ______ disease
ST-segment depression can indication _________ __________
coronary heart, myocardium ischemia
Central Command Theory:
Fine-tuned feedback from what 4 receptors?
heart mechanoreceptors, muscle chemoreceptors, muscle mechanoreceptors, baroreceptors
Atherosclerosis is when _____ ______ narrows coronary arteries and reduces blood flow to _______
fatty plaque, myocardium (myocardial ischemia)
Muscle chemoreceptors are sensitive to muscle _______ (K+, lactic acid). Exercise ______ reflex.
metabolites; pressor
Muscle mechanoreceptor sensitive to _____ and _____ of muscular movement.
force, speed
Regulation of Heart Rate
Parasympathetic nervous system- via ______ nerve. Slows heart rate by inhibiting ___ and ___ node
vagus; SA and AV node
Regulation of Heart Rate
Sympathetic nervous system- via _____ ________ nerves. Increases HR by stimulating ____ and ___ node
cardiac accelerator nerves, SA and AV node
Baroreceptors are sensitive to changes in ______ blood pressure
arterial
Regulation of Heart Rate
Low resting HR due to ____________ tone
parasympathetic tone
Regulation of Heart Rate
Increase in HR at onset of exercise. Initial increase due to __________ withdrawal. Later increase due to increased _____ stimulation
parasympathetic, SNS
Regulation of stroke volume
End-diastolic volume (EDV) is the volume of blood in the _________ at the end of diastole ("preload")
ventricles
Regulation of stroke volume
Average aortic blood pressure is the pressure the heart must pump against to ______ blood ("afterload"). Mean arterial pressure
eject
Regulation of stroke volume
Strength of the ventricular contraction (contractility) is enhanced by circulating _________ and _____________; and by direct ___________ stimulation of the heart
epinephrine and norepinephrine; sympathetic
End-Diastolic Volume
Frank-Starling mechanism says that greater EDV results in a more ______ contraction. This is due to the stretch of _______.
forceful, ventricles
End-Diastolic Volume is dependent on what?
venous return
Venous return is increased by _____________ via the SNS
vasoconstriction
Venous return is also increased by _________ __________ __________
skeletal muscle pump
Skeletal muscle pump is rhythmic skeletal muscle contractions force blood in the ________ toward the heart. One-way valves in veins prevent _______ of blood.
extremities, backflow
Venous return is also increased by _________ pump.
respiratory
Respiratory pump changes in ________ pressure pull blood toward heart
thoracic