Pulmonary ventilation is
The amount of air moved in and out of the lungs in one minute
The internal intercostals are engaged during
Forced expiration
If you sit and breath quietly i to a spirometer, which long volume is being recorded?
Tidal volume
The volume of air that remains in the lungs after expiration and cannot be exhaled is the
Residual volume
If you breath in as deeply as you can and then forcefully exhale as much as possible, what is that
Vital compacity
Exchange of O2 and CO2 between the lungs and the blood is called
Pulmonary diffusion
Exchange of O2 and CO2 between the blood and the metabolically active tissues is called
Capillary diffusion
Pulmonary diffusion is also known as
External respiration
Capillary diffusion is also known as
Internal respiration
PC02 in the alveoli is approximately
40 mmHg
Which of the following structures is not part of the transport zone
Alveoli
External respiration refers to
Movement of air into and out of the lungs and exchange between lungs and blood
The primary muscles normally responsible for inspiration are
The external muscles and the diaphragm
In hemoglobin CO2 binds to
The globular protein
At the onset of strenuous exercise, what changes would you expect to see in venous 02 content and (a-v) O2 difference, respectively?
Decrease, increase
During expiration..
Air moves out of the lungs because of a pressure gradient between the intrapulmonary pressure and atmospheric pressure
Respiratory muscles are directly controlled by motor neurons coming from
Respiratory centers
Mean pressure in the pulmonary artery is..
15 mmHg
If chemoreceptors stimulate an increase in breathing rate and depth, this occurs because
Excess CO2 needs to be "blown off" (removed)
Air flows into the lungs in what order
Nasal cavity-pharynx-larynx-trachea-bronchi i-bronchioles-alveolus
The pectoral muscles of the chest are used during forced expiration
FALSE
A typical partial pressure for oxygen in the alveoli is
104 mmHg
Given the atmospheric pressure of 760mmHg what would the partial pressure be?
756 mmHg
The major portion of oxygen that is transported in the blood is in what
The form of hemoglobin
Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood principally as
Bicarbonate
Each 100 ml of blood contains an average of ___ hemoglobin in men and ___in women
14-18g men, 12-16g women
A typical value for arterial-venous oxygen difference at rest is
4 ml O2 per 100 ml of blood
What is blood oxygen carrying capacity dependent on?
On blood hemoglobin concentration
Hemoglobin that is bound to oxygen is referred to as
Oxyhemoglobin
What % of the carbon dioxide transported in the blood is transported as bicarbonate ion?
60 to 70%
Myoglobin found in skeletal muscle serves to do what?
Transport oxygen from the cell membrane to the mitochondria
What would voluntary hyperventilation do?
Decrease ventilatory drive, result in a decrease in alveolar and arterial dioxide
What does resistance training increase?
Muscle size
Absolute strength gains are typically greatest in
Men
When motor units contract more synchronously
Muscles increase the rate of development
A decrease in the size of individual muscle fibers is referred to as
Atrophy
What is an effect of resistant training on muscular strength and size?
Strength gains can be achieved without structural changes in muscle but not without neural adaptations
Transient hyper trophy is primarily stimulated by
Edema
The increase in strength that occurs with resistance training results from
Hypertrophy of muscles, increased motor unit recruitment, synchronized
Neural mechanisms that may help explain some of the strength gains from resistance training are
Increased synchronization of motor unit activation, rate coding, decreased coactivation of agonists and antagonists
What does protein synthesis do during and after exercise?
During = decreases,
After = increases
What are the explanations of neurological inhibition
May partially explain superhuman feats, may partially explain strength gains in the absence of hypertrophy, and occurs as a result of resistant training by allowing muscles to reach a greater level of strength
What is coactivation
When the agonist and antagonist both contract with equal force and result in no movement
What does transient hypertrophy (temp enlargement of muscles) result from ?
Accumulation of fluid in the interstitial and intracellular spaces of muscles
The muscle fiber hypertrophy that occurs with chronic resistance training appears to result from?
A net increase in glycogen storage in the muscle fibers
Which hormone is thought to be partially responsible for increase in muscle growth?
Testosterone
An increase in the number of muscle fibers in a muscle is referred to as
Hyperplasia
Early increases in muscular strength are primarily due to
Neural adaptations
The loss of strength caused by muscle imobilization reflects what?
Decreased protein synthesis and decreased neuromuscular activation in the immobilized muscle
During muscle atrophied what happens to the cross-sectional area and what muscle type does it affect more?
Decreases and type 1
What training adaptations are exhibited in women when compared to those of men in identical resistant training?
Women experience similar gains in strength but smaller gains in muscle mass
Acute muscle soreness immediately after exercise is a result of..
Accumulation of end products of exercise
What type of muscular contraction is most likely to induce delayed onset muscle soreness
Eccentric contractions
Most likely cause of delayed-onset muscle soreness is bc of..
Structural damage to the muscle cells
Muscle cramps may be caused by
Disturbances in fluid and electrolyte embalm c's, high rates of sweating, sustained alpha-motor neuron activity, and muscle fatigue
The most important reason for the loss of strength associated with DOMS is
Failure within the excitation-contraction coupling process
The major objective of exercise training is to
Cause physiological adaptations specific to the type of training
Which is the best objective laboratory measure of aerobic power, or cardio respiratory endurance
Maximal oxygen uptake
VO2max =
maximal cardiac output x maximal (a-v)O2 difference
What are mechanisms of increased stroke volume after endurance training?
Increased plasm volume, increased filling time, increased LV wall thickness and chamber volume
Which chamber of the heart adapts most to chronic endurance training?
Left ventricle
The best definition of cardio respiratory endurance is
The entire body's ability to sustain prolonged, dynamic exercise using large muscle groups
Cardio respiratory endurance training results in which of the following heart rate adaptations
A decreased resting heart rate and an unchanged or slightly reduced maximal heart rate
What happens during endurance training?
Left ventricular chamber size increases, left ventricular wall increases in thickness, and EDV increases
Which changes occur in maximal blood pressure after aerobic training
Systolic BP increases, diastolic BP decreases
3 characteristics of a highly trained endurance athletes heart
Increased end-diastolic pressure, increased left ventricular wall thickness, increased ejection fraction
Which of the following factors are responsible for the increase in resting, sub maximal, and maximal stroke volume elicited by endurance training
Increased blood volume, a stronger heart, and a reduced systemic vascular resistance
After aerobic training sub maximal pulmonary ventilation will __ and maximal pulmonary ventilation will be ___
Decreased, increased
Chronic endurance training results in what change to muscle fibers
Type I fiber hypertrophy
After aerobic training, increased capillary formation and capillary recruitment combine to lead to
Increased capillary density
In response to aerobic training, muscle fiber mitochondria
Increase in size and number
Aerobic training leads to ___ in lactate threshold
-30% increase
After chronic endurance training, RER during submaxinal exercise indicates that the body is
Depending more on fat, less in carbohydrate for fuel
What is the biggest external factor that plays the biggest role in determining VO2max
Genetics
A triathlon athlete who is simultaneously training for the swim, bicycle, and running portions if the event is practicing
Cross-training
Which of the following happen with aerobic training?
RHR decreases as a result of decreased sympathetic activity, RHR decreases as a result of increased parasympathetic activity, steady-state submaxinal HR at the same exercise intensity as measured before training declines
At very high heart rates during cardio respiratory exercise, stroke volume may actually decrease because of
Inadequate ventricular filling resulting from a shortening of diastole
What factors affect heart rate recovery time
Exercise in hot environments can prolong heart rate recovery time
An increase in mechanical efficiency is a possible explanation for what
A lower oxygen consumption at a given submaxinal exercise workload after training
What happens to cardiac output at rest and during submaxinal exercise at a given exercise intensity
Does not change much following endurance training, or may slightly decrease
Resistance training causes
An increase in the thickness of the left ventricular wall, but no change in resting blood pressure
Cardio respiratory endurance training causes what changes
An increase in plasma volume and an increase in red blood cell volume
What does reduced blood viscosity do?
Facilitates blood flow through the blood vessels, enhances oxygen delivery to the active tissue, is due to increase in the fluid portion of blood
Which best describes the changes in the number of red blood cells as a result of aerobic training?
Increases slightly
An increase in the arterial-venous oxygen difference with aerobic training is due to..
Better distribution of blood to active muscle
Which of the following are training adaptations to aerobic training
Increased pulmonary diffusion at a standardized submaximal exercise intensities
Further improvements in an endurance athletes performance are most likely due to
Increased lactate threshold
Hypoxia is best defined as
Oxygen deficiency
Barometric pressure on earth..
Varies slightly with changes in climatic conditions
Why is water vapor pressure lower at altitude
Cold air cannot hold very much water
What happens as altitude increases
The partial pressure if oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen is reduced in direct proportion with increasing altitude
During altitude exposures, maximal-intensity aerobic exercise is characterized by
Diminished maximal cardiac output
During acute altitude exposures, cardiac output increases due to
Increased heart rTe
Within hours of reaching altitude, red blood cell concentration increases due to what?
Decreased plasma volume
High-altitude training and physical activity
May lead to dehydration, promote evaporation of skim moisture, increase respiratory losses of moisture to the air
Increased pulmonary ventilation during acute exposure to altitude is stimulated by
Chemoreceptors
VO2max starts to decline at approximately
1,500m
Who would have the greatest need for supplemental oxygen on Mt. Everest?
Anyone wit VO2max under 50ml x kg-1 x min-1
Hypoxemia at high altitude is a direct reflection of
Lower alveolar PO2
Which metabolic system is most impacted by altitude?
Oxidative
The pressure gradient for gas exchange at the level of the muscles at high altitude is...
Significantly reduced
The time for acclimation is roughly
Three weeks for moderate altitude plus one week for every additional 600m