Appropriate components of the physical examination may include the following:
Body weight; in many instances determination of body mass index, waist girth, and/or body composition (percent body fat) is desirable
Apical pulse rate and rhythm (measure of cardiac function that is completed by placing a stethoscope at the apex of the h
Blood Pressure Meds:
Diuretics
Beta-blockers:
ACE inhibitors:
Calcium channel blockers:
Diuretics
rid excess salt (-thiazide)
Beta-blockers:
reduce workload on heart
ACE inhibitors:
: helps vasodilation
Calcium channel blockers:
prevents Ca2+ from entering smooth muscle cells
The relationship between BP and risk for cardiovascular events is _____, _______ and ______
continuous, consistent, and independent of other risk factors.
Lifestyle modification is the cornerstone of antihypertensive therapy:
-
-
-
-
- PA
- Weight reduction (if needed)
- DASH eating plan (i.e., a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy products with a reduced content of saturated and total fat), dietary sodium reduction (no more than 2 g sodium � d?1)
- Moderation of alcoho
Classification of LDL
Optimal
near optimal
borderline high
high
very high
Optimal <100
near optimal 100-129
borderline high 130-159
high 160-189
very high >190
Classification levels of Total cholesterol
desirable
borderline high
high
desirable <200
borderline high 200-239
high > 240
Classification level of HDL cholesterol
Low
High
low <40
high >60
Classification of triglycerides
Normal
borderline high
high
very high
Normal < 150
borderline high 150-199
high 200-499
very high >500
Pulmonary function testing with spirometry is recommended for all smokers ___ yr and in any individual presenting with:
-
-
-
-
>45
Dyspnea (shortness of breath)
Chronic cough
Wheezing
Excessive mucus production
Forced expiratory volume (FEV) measures
how much air a person can exhale during a forced breath
Forced vital capacity (FVC)-
the total amount of air exhaled during the FEV test
______ represents the proportion of a person's vital capacity that they are able to expire in the first second of forced expiration to the full vital capacity. Normal values are approximately __%; COPD is <___%
Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1.0)
80%
COPD <70%
Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1.0) The FEV1.0/FVC is diminished with ______ disease such as _____,_____, _____, ____
However, it remains normal with_____ _____ (e.g., kyphoscoliosis, neuromuscular disease, pulmonary fibrosis, other interstiti
The FEV1.0/FVC is diminished with obstructive airway diseases (e.g., asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD]).
restrictive disorders
Explicit instructions for participants before exercise testing increase test validity and data accuracy.
-Participants should refrain from _______ within ___ h of testing.
-Participants should
- Clothing should be ____
Participants should refrain from ingesting food, alcohol, or caffeine or using tobacco products within 3 h of testing.
-Participants should be rested for the assessment, avoiding significant exertion or exercise on the day of the assessment.
Clothing shou