What exercise is described as a percent of maximal voluntary contraction?
static exercise
What exercise is described as a percent of maximal weight that can be lifted (1RM) and number of times it can be lifted?
Dynamic resistance exercise
What is A consistent or chronic progression of exercise sessions designed to improve physiological function for better health or sport performance?
training
List the 7 training principles:
specificity, overload, rest/recovery/adaptation, progression, retrogression/plateau/reversibility, maintenance, individualization and warm-up/cool-down
Formula for pyruvate
C3H4O3
formula for lactate
c3h5o3
formula for pyruvic acite
c3h4o3
formula for lactic acid
c3h6o3
glucose metabolism formula
c6h12o6 + 6o2 ---->6h2o + 6co2
What is the transfer of Pi directly from a phsophorylated intermediate or substrates to ADP without any oxidation occurring?
substrate-level phosphorylation
What is the again of oxygen and loss of hydrogen, or the direct loss of electrons by an atom or substance?
oxidation
What is a loss of oxygen, a gain of electrons or a gain of hydrogen by an atom or substance?
reduction
What are hydrogen carriers in cellular respiration?
NAD and FAD
What is it called when the end product of glycolysis is lactate or lactic acid?
Anaerobic glycolysis
What is it called when the end product of glycolysis is pyruvic acid?
aerobic glycolysis
What is the primary fuel for aerobic glycolysis?
glucose
What is the primary fuel for anaerobic glycolysis
glycogen
Where in the mitochondria does ATP synthesis take place?
crista (and ball-and-stalk) apparatus
In stage II pyruvate is converted to what?
Acetyl Coenzyme A
What is a series of eight chemical reactions that liberates energy for direct substrate phosphorylation of ATP and forms CO2?
Krebs cycle
Does the Kreb's cycle use oxygen?
No but, it requires it's presence
What is the final metabolic pathway in the production of ATP?
electron transport system
What process proceeds as a series of chemical reactions in the mitochondria that transfer electrons from the hydrogen atom carriers NAD and FAD to oxygen?
ETS
What is a by-product of the ETS?
water
What is the process in which NADH and FADH2 are oxidized in the ETS and energy is released to make ATP?
oxidative phospohylation
What kind of reaction synthesizes molecules (builds)?
anabolic
What kind of reaction breaks down molecules?
catabolic
What kind of reaction is metabolism?
catabolic
What is stored chemical energy that links energy-yielding and energy-requiring functions within all cells?
ATP
What is the 1st law of thermodynamics?
Energy cannot be created or destroyed
How much of energy that is created by metabolism lost as heat?
60-70%
What three processes can generate ATP?
ADP+PC --> C + ATP; Anaerobic metabolism (glycolysis), Aerobic respiration
What is the process by which cells transfer energy from food to ATP in a stepwise series of reactions; relies heavily upon the use of oxygen?
cellular respiration
List steps of fat breakdown for metabolism
triglycerides, fatty acids and glycerol, beta oxidation, acetyl coa, kreb's cycle, ets
List steps of CHO metabolism
polysaccharides, glucose, glycolysis, pyruvic acid, acetyl coa, kreb's cycle, ets
List steps of PRO metabolsim
polypeptides, amino acids, oxidative deamination or transamination, keto acids, pyruvic acid, acetyl coa, kreb's cycle, ets
CHO metabolism formular
c6h1206 +6o2+36 (adp+pi) = 6h20 + 6co2 + 36 ATP
What is the process by which stored glycogen is broken down (hydrolyzed) to provide glucose?
glycogenolysis
What is The energy pathway responsible for the initial catabolism of glucose in a 10- or 11-step process that begins with glucose or glycogen and ends with the production of pyruvate (aerobic glycolysis) or lactate (anaerobic glycolysis)?
glycolysis
What is the creation of glucose in the liver from non carbohydrate sources, particularly glycerol, lactate or pyruvate, and alanine?
gluconeogenesis
What substrates (not CHO) can be used to make glucose?
glycerol, lactate, pyruvate and alanine
Where does glycolysis take place?
Cytoplasm
What is the net gain of ATP from glucose during glycolysis?
2 ATP
What is the net gain of ATP from glycogen during glycolysis?
3 ATP
How many pyruvates formed from glycolysis?
2
What is the rate limiting enzyme in glycolysis?
phosphofructokinase
What layer of the mitochondria is permeable to most ions?
outer
What layer of the mitochondria is impermeable to most ions unless they have a specific carrier?
inner
When would density of cristae in mitochondria be higher?
In tissue with high rates of oxidation (like the heart)
How many ATP from krebs cycle?
2
How many NADH+H from krebs cycle
6
How many FADH2 from krebs cycle?
2
How many co2 from krebs cycle?
2
Rate limiting enzyme of kreb's cycle?
isocitrate dehydrogenase
When acteyl coa is formed are any ATP produced?
no
How many NADH +H from formation of acetly coa?
2
How many CO2 from formation of acetyl coa?
2
How many aceytl coa formed during formation of aceytl coa?
2
How many ATP from aerobic metabolism of one molecule of glucose?
36
How many ATP from aerobic metabolism of one one molecule of glycogen?
37
What is the efficiency of aerobic respiration?
34%
Does the ETS use o2?
Yes, it is final acceptor of electron
Where does the ETS occur?
inner membrane of mitochondria
Formula for oxidative phosphorylation
2H+ + 2e- + 1/2 O2 = h20
What is the Cyclic series of steps that breaks off successive pairs of carbon atoms from FFA, which are then used to form acetyl CoA?
beta oxidation
Does beta oxidation use o2?
No but, it must be present
Where does beta oxidation occur
mitochondrial matrix
How much ATP is produced from beta oxidation?
0
How much ATP is USED for beta oxidation?
2
How many carbons in stearic acid?
18
How much ATP from stearic acid?
147
How many carbons in palmitic acid?
16
How much ATP from palmitic acid?
130
How much more O2 do fats require per ATP produced compared to CHO?
15% more o2
Can fats be metabolized anaerobically?
No
What is the rate limiting enzyme for the ETS?
cytochrome oxidase
What extracellular functions regulate cellular respiration and ATP production?
gluconeogenesis, glycerol-glucose cycle, cori cycle and felig cycle
High levels of what would inhibit ATP production?
ATP
Low levels of ATP and high levels of ADP+Pi stimulate production of what?
ATP
What food source provides the greatest amount of potential energy
triglycerides (Fats)
What has a major impact on how long each fuel can supply energy?
Exercise
How many g of triglycerides are stored in the body?
8450
How many g of liver glycogen are stored?
80
How many g of muscle glycogen are stored?
425
How many g of circulating glucose?
20
What is the term that describes the fact that all energy systems are involved in providing energy for all durations of exercise?
energy continuum
How long does ATP-PC predominate?
10 sec
How long does anaerobic metabolism (ATP-PC & LA ) last?
less than 2 min
How long does the oxygen system provide energy?
>5 minutes
Glucose formula for anaerobic (fast) glycolysis:
glucose + 2ATP --->2 lactate c3h4O3 + 4 ATP (net 2)
What factors determine amount of lactic acid production?
muscle contraction, enzymes, muscle fiber type, SNS activation, insufficient o2
Lactic Acid rate of appereance should ___ rate of disappearance
ra=rd
Is lactic acid production continuous or segmental?
continuous
Lactic acid clearance occurs in what three processes?
oxidation, gluconeogenesis/glyconeogenesis, transamination
What are the proteins that transport lactate?
monocarboxylate transporters (MCT)
Which MCT is most abundant in oxidative skeletal and cardiac muscle fibers (mitochondria membranes too)?
MCT1
Which MCT is most abundant in cell membranes of glycolytic skeletal fibers?
MCT4
What shuttle involves the movement of lactate by MCT1 between the cytoplasm where it is produced and the mitochondria?
intracellular lactate shuttle
What shuttle involves the movement of lactate between tissues
extracellular lactate shuttle
What tests measure anaerobic power and capacity?
wingate, margaria-kalamen stair test, field test
Is pyruvate produces anaerobically or aerobically?
aerobic
Is lactate produced aerobically or anaerobically?
anearobic
What is The difference between the oxygen required during exercise and the oxygen supplied and utilized. Occurs at the onset of all activity?
o2 deficit
What is Oxygen consumption during recovery that is above normal resting values?
EPOC
During the transition from rest to exercise, energy is supplied by:
o2 transport, o2 stores in cap and myglobin blood, atp-pc, anaerobic glycolysis
What causes EPOC?
restoration of atp-pc stores and 02, elevated crv function, elevated hormones, body temp and lactate removal
Who long does the fast component of EPOC take?
2-6 minutes
What are the ranges of the fast component of EPOC (VO2)
2-3L VO2 ; 5-6 L VO2 in trained athletes
What percentage of ATP -PC is restores during 30 seconds of EPOC?
50%
How long does it take for ATP-PC stores to be restored 100% during EPOC?
2 minutes
What are the ranges of L VO2 recovery during slow EPOC?
5-10L (14L athletes)
How long does slow EPOC take?
30-60 minutes
What are points on the linear-curvilinear continuum of lactate accumulation that appear to indicate sharp rises, often labeled as LT1 and second LT2
lactate thresholds
How much lactic acid during short, light-mod submax aerobic workout?
<2 mmol/L
How much lactic acid during short mod-heavy submax aerobic exercise?
4-6 mmol/L
How much lactic acid during short high intensity anaerobic?
Large increases, up to 32 mmol/L
How much lactic acid during dynamic resistance training?
4-21 mmol/L
Why is lactic acid a problem?
pain, metabolic and muscular fatigue
What is a measurement of heat energy liberated or absorbed in metabolic processes?
calorimetry (direct or indirect)
WHat is Indirect calorimetry method for estimating heat production in which expired air is measured and analyzed for the amount of oxygen consumed and CO2 produced?
spirometry
What is The amount of oxygen taken up, transported and used at the cellular level?
o2 consumption (VO2)
What is The amount of carbon dioxide generated during metabolism?
(VCO2) co2 production
Formula for VO2 consumption
Vi 02-Ve)2
(inhaled - expired)
Formula for CO2 production
(ve
%co2 expired)-(Vi
%co2 inspired)
Why must measurments be standardized?
Measurements made under ATPS will vary with varying environmental conditions
The volume of gas is inversely related to ?
pressure
Temperature and ___ are directly related?
volume
When is standard temperature and pressure dry (STPD) used?
When it is necessary to know amount of gas molecules present
What is Dalton's law?
total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the pressure that each gas would exert independently
What is the partial pressure of 02? (PO2)
20.93%
What is the total pressure of air (PB)?
760 mmHG
Formula for PO2=
.2093 * 760 = 159 mmHg
What is the partial pressure of nitrogen?
79.04%
What is the partial pressure of CO2
.03%
What is the The ratio of the amount of carbon dioxide produced divided by the amount of oxygen consumed at the cellular level?
Respiratory quotient
What is the ratio of the volume of carbon dioxide produced divided by the volume of oxygen consumed on a total body level ?
Respiratory Exchange Ratio
What is the RQ formula?
RQ=CO2/02
What fuel is used when RER is .70?
fat
What fuel is used when RER is .85?
50% fat 50% cho
What fuel is used when RER is 1.0?
CHO
What is the number of kilocalories produced per liter of oxygen consumed?
caloric equivalent
What is the Energy expenditure of an activity performed for a specific period of time?
Caloric cost
Caloric cost formula:
02 consumed (l/min) * caloric equivalent (kcal/lo2)
What is the VO2max for low intensity exercise?
<30%
What is the VO2max for high intensity exercise?
>70%
What describes the shift from fat to CHO metabolism as intensity increases?
Crossover
What causes crossover?
Recruitment of fast muscle fibers and increasing blood levels of epinephrine
What is a unit that represents the metabolic equivalent in multiples of resting rate oxygen consumption of any given activity?
Metabolic equivalent MET
MET formula
O2 consumed/3.5
1 MET =
1kcal/kg/hr
What is The percentage of energy input that appears as useful external work?
Mechanical Efficiency
What is the simplest calculation of efficiency
gross efficiency