theory
used to explain why a behavior or phenomenon occurs
-can be graphically represented (modeled) to aid in conceptualization
beneficial because:
1. help us better understand and predict physical activity behavior
model
simple a visual representation of a phenomenon or behavior
-DOES NOT INDICATE WHY BEHAVIOR OR PHENOMENON OCCURS
-do not include a theoretical explanation
construct
-variables or factors represented in a model
-theoretically derived
expectancy value theory
-motivation was predicated on the individual's expected behavioral outcome and on the value (importance) the individual placed on that predicted outcome
theories are practical because they (5)
1. id key factors and processes to target for change
2. have measurable theoretical constructs that allow for assessment of change
3. provide basis for detecting why an intervention succeeded or failed
4. help us better understand and predict physical act
motivation
the degree of determination, drive, or desire with which an individual approaches (or avoids) a behavior
-direction and intensity of one's effort
-origin either intrinsic or extrinsic
intrinsic motivation
-motivation that emanates from within
-refers the mentality of engaging in a behavior for reasons of inherent pleasure, satisfaction, or personal challenge
-all 3 needs of SDT met here (autonomy, relatedness, competence)
-ex. fun, sense of challenge, pers
extrinsic motivation
motivation from an outside force
-ex. health (prevention of disease), social recognition/praise, tangible reinforcers
basic assumptions of social cognitive theories and models (4)
1. behavior is rational and goal-directed (expectancy value approach)
2. people are self-reflective
3. people can self-regulate
4. "triadic reciprocity
triadic reciprocity
motivated behavior can be predicted by cognition (values, beliefs) & can also be predicted by social aspects (external stimuli such as social pressures, family environment)
motivation to exercise: low self-determination
desire to improve appearance
motivation to exercise: high self-determination
pleasure and sense of competence and autonomy
someone's failure to adopt an exercise regimen could stem from 3 things...
1. person may value prospective exercise habit highly, but might not believe they can begin and maintain regular regimen because tried once and failed (expected outcome=inability to maintain exercise)
2. may feel they can adopt and adhere (expected outcom
social cognitive approach
view exercise behavior as being influenced by both human cognition (ex. expectations, intentions, beliefs, attitudes) and external stimuli (ex. social pressures/experiences)
Bandura's self- efficacy theory
-describes how individuals form perceptions about their ability to engage in a specific behavior (perceived capability)
self efficacy
focuses on extent to which the individual feels she will be successful in performing the desired behavior, given the abilities they possess and the unique situation she finds herself
-situation specific self confidence
-multidimensional concept
-most popu
4 primary sources of self-efficacy
1. past performance
2. vicarious experiences
3. social persuasion
4. physiological/affective states
(in order of degree of influence on self-efficacy)
past performance accomplishments
-the degree of success perceived by an individual who has previously engaged in activities similar to, or the same as, the current behavior
-degree of similarity between the previously experienced activity and the current activity determines the strength
vicarious experiences
-aka modeling
-one individual views the performance of a behavior by another individual (the model)
-greater the perceived similarity btw individual and model, the greater the model's influence
-person doesn't need to know the model
-imagery
imagery
a behavior performed in the mind using some or all of the body's senses
-considered a vicarious source
social persuasion
verbal and nonverbal tactics used by others in an attempt to increase a person's self-efficacy
ex. play 60 NFL
physiological and affective states
-physiological: temporary physical condition of the body (rapid heart rate or feelings of fatigue and pain)
-affective/emotional: temporary positive or negative feelings that influence, and are influenced by, exercise behavior
measuring self-efficacy
-usually measured in 2/3 original Bandura measurements: level and strength of self-efficacy
ex. questionnaire asks about person's self-efficacy for jogging incremental distances ranging from 1-10 miles. So levels exist, corresponding with the miles, and s
asses self-efficacy at different levels
refers to an individuals belief that she can successfully perform various elements of a task
-ex. greater distance, duration, or intensity
asses self-efficacy strength at each level
indicates the individual's degree of conviction for successfully accomplishing each level of the task
coping efficacy
self-efficacy for overcoming barriers or challenges to exercise
-measurement of self regulatory efficacy
-no level of hierarchy
scheduling efficacy
confidence in one's abilities to schedule and maintain exercise behavior
-measurement of self regulatory efficacy
-no level of hierarchy
limitations of self-efficacy theory
-predictive of behavior only when the behavior is novel or challenging
-influence greatly reduced when exercise behavior becomes well learned and habitual
Theory of Reasoned Action
-based on social cognitive approach
-diff from self-efficacy theory in its predictive intent
-behavior is directly related to a person's intention
-originally designed to predict voting behavior (single instance activity)-someone's intention to vote
-inte
attitude
a person's positive or negative thoughts concerning the performance of the behavior (exercise)
-influenced by two things:
1. individuals beliefs about the consequences of the action
2. individual's evaluation of the consequences-pos or neg
*has cognitive
sense of subjective norm
-the degree to which a person feels social pressure to perform the behavior
-predicted by 2 factors:
1. perceptions about the expectations of significant others; are they doing it too?
2. motivation to comply with the perceived expectations of others if y
intention in theory of reasoned action
-more positive the attitude, and greater the perceived social pressure, the stronger this is
-single best predictor of behavior within the theory-but don't always lead to the intended behavior
*strongest predictor of behavior when that behavior is to be e
theory of planned behavior
perceived behavioral control: degree of personal control the individual perceives her or she has over the behavior in question
-influences behavior independently and thru its effect on intention
-accounts for the potential barriers to exercise (ex. work,
why subjective norms are the weakest predictors of exercise in theory of planned behavior
1. not relevant to exercise
2. it would only influence exercise if individual cared about social support
3. individual differences factor into relevance
limitations of TRA
-may only be useful for predicting behaviors that the individual perceives to be under their volitional control
limitations of TPB
ability of intention to predict behavior is limited by the elapsed time btw the intention and the behavior, as well as by the repeatability of the behavior
-best predicts distant and/or chronic behavior
summary of relationships in the TRA and TPB (4)
1. influence of attitude greater than perceived behavioral control on intention
-influence of subjective norm on intention is less than attitude and pbc
2. effect of intention on behavior greater than effect of perceived behavioral control on behavior
3.
self determination theory
-people seek challenges to satisfy 3 basic psychological needs:
1. autonomy
2. competence
3. relatedness
-defined as autonomous, self-dependent behavior
autonomy
-aka self-determination
-self-dependent behavior
-sense of ownership of the task
ex. athletes feeling like they have a sense of ownership in their workouts
competence
-mastery
-you feel you have mastered the skill
relatedness
-social interactions
-the skill holds some sort of value and you identify with it
-diff from autonomy b/c it involves social interactions
3 forms of motivation driving achievement behavior
1. intrinsic
2. amotivation
3. extrinsic
amotivation
relative absence of motivation or lack of intention to engage in a behavior
extrinsic motivation 4 types
-exists between intrinsic motivation and amotivation
1. integrated regulation
2. identified reg
3. introjected reg
4. external reg
integrated regulation
-most self determined type of extrinsic motivation
-refers to process of engaging in a behavior in order to confirm one's sense of self
-feel partially competent, value the task, and feel related to the task
ex. I am an exerciser and this is what I do
identified regulation
-second level of extrinsic
-behavior motivated by PERSONAL GOALS
-though behavior is initiated autonomously, its considered extrinsic b/c decision is guided by an external outcome or product
-ex. improved appearance instead of feelings of enjoyment
*COMMO
introjected regulation
-third step in extrinsic motivation
-exists when a behavior is dictated by a self-imposed source of pressure
-complete the task because they feel they have to
*sense of obligation
ex. exercising so you don't feel guilty
external regulation
-least self-determining form of extrinsic motivation
-participate to gain an external reward or avoiding an externally applied punishment
-may not feel competent or connected to the task, but they do it
three levels of motivation that exist within the 3 types of motivation
-concerns the specific vs. general nature of motivation
1. global motivation
2. contextual motivation
3. situational motivation
global motivation
-the degree of motivation normally experienced by an individual across most behavioral domains
-like a personality trait
-person can be described as a highly motivated individual based on the observation that they're highly motivated to engage in most day
contextual motivation
a relatively stable pattern of motivation experienced in a particular context
-ex. an individual can be highly motivated to engage in physical activity but not motivated to engage in occupational or academic activities
situational motivation
motivation experienced in a particular activity at a specific point in time
-ex. personal highly motivated to engage in exercise today but poorly motivated tomorrow, or someone highly motivated to lift weights, but poorly motivated to run
prediction of SDT
-an individual who exercise for reasons based on low self-determination (like wanting to look good) is less likely to adhere to a regimen than someone who exercises for the fun of it
-improvements in intrinsic motivation should result from exercise interv
integrated regulation vs. intrinsic motivation
-its different to value an activity than to take ownership of it and make it part of your identity-which is what happens in intrinsic
limitations of SDT
-new so hasn't been fully tested
-measured quantitatively, so needs qualitative measurements
-relationship btw self-determination and experience of interest and other affective states needs more investigation
-need to see consistent support for SDT predic