Static biomechanics
the study of bodies, masses and forces at rest or in a constant unchanged motion
dynamic biomechanics
the study of bodies, masses, and forces when they are in motion
What significant events happened during the Renaissance period that contributed to the development of biomechanics?
De Vinci studied joints, anazlyzed muscles forces as origins/insertions
-Development of electromyography
-Isaac Newton published his basic laws
What is rectilinear motion? example?
all points on body move in a straight line, w/ no change in direction. Ex: cyclist coasting on bike
What is curvilinear motion? example?
All points on body move in a parallel line, but paths following movements are curved
What is a biomechanics system of interest? Example?
-An analysis of a specific body limb movement, or analysis of movement of the complete body
-analysis of walking patterns in someone who has otseoarthritis in their knees
How is the Sagittal plane used to describe movements of the body?
flexion, extension and hyperextension
How is the Frontal plane used to describe movements of the body?
abduction, adduction, lateral flexion, elevation and depression, deviation, eversion, and inversion.
How is the transverse plane used to describe movements of the body?
rotation, supination, pronation, abduction, and adduction
How is the other plane used to describe movements of the body?
circumduction
How is a Cartesian coordinate system used in a biomechanical analysis of movement?
Units are measured int he direction of either two or three primary axes. single direction or planar movements, such as running, cycling, or jumping, can be analyzed using a two dimensional cartesian coordinate system.
Describe the steps involved in a qualitative analysis of a soccer kick.
1. identifying the major question or questions of interest.
2. Determining the optimal perspective(s) from which to view the movement.
3. Identifying the distance from which to view the movement.
4. Determining the number of trials of the movement needed
Compressive force (compression)
force that tends to shorten or squeeze something, decreasing its volume
tensile force (tension)
a force that tends to stretch or elongate something.
shear force
force acting on a substance in a direction perpendicular to the extension of the substance
How does mechanical loading cause the deformation of an object such as bone?
deformation occurs when the external force causes a change in the shape or structure of an object or body component. When external force is applied to the human body, the structures of the body must withstand the force, if it is too much force, it may cau
Clinical biomechanist
a branch of biomechanics centered on improving the ability of an injured or disabled individual to perform activities of daily living, including work and leisure activities, physical activity, or exercise.
Ergonomist
ergonomics is the study of the interaction between humans, the objects they use, and the environments in which they function.
How does a biomechanist improve performance by changing technique, equipment, or training techniques?
-equipment improvement- improvind designs for the shoes, appeal,
-training improvement- improve performance
-techinque improvement-improve movement, may discover a new and more effective tech. for performing a sports skill.
Sequential movements
When segments of the body and joint rotations occur in a specific sequence or order
simultaneous movements
when a major movements of the body occur at the same time.
kinematics
the study of motion, including the pattersn and speed of movement of the body segments, without consideration given to the mass of the body or the forces acting upon it.
kinetics
the study of the effects of forces on the motion of a body or system of bodies, especially of forces that do not originate within the system itself.
clinical biomechanics
a branch of biomechanics centered on improving the ability of an injured or disabled individual to perform activities of daily living, including work and leisure activities, physical activity, or exercise.
sport biomechanics
a branch of biomechanics centered on improving sport performance by athletes through the improvement in movement techniques or the development of equipment.
linear motion
when all points of the body are moving in the same direction at the same speed, and travel the same distance
rectilinear translation
when all points on a body move in a straight line, the same distance, and with no change in direction.
curviliniear translation
occurs when all points on a body move the same distance but the paths followed by the points on the object are curved
angular motion
the motion of a body about a fixed point or fixed axis
general motion
occurs when the translation and rotation movements are combined.
anatomic reference position
an erect standing position with the feet slightly separated the arms hanging relaxed at the sides, and the palms of the hands facing forward.
directional terms
used to describe the relationship of body parts or the location of an external object with respect to the body
anatomic reference planes
the division of the body by three imaginary cardinal planes into three dimensions: sagittal, frontal and transverse
anatomic reference axes
the use of three axes for describing the rotation of the human body: mediolateral, anteropostieror, and longitudinal
cartesian coordinate system
a system in which the location of a point is given by coordinates that represent its distances from perpendicular lines that intersect at a point called the origin.
qualitative analysis
requires the progressive identification of the aspects critical to the movement through a systematic process that often requires the analyst to view multiple trials from different viewpoints.
inertia
tendency of a body to maintain its current state of motion whether motionless or moving with a constant velocity
mass
quantity of matter contained in an object
force
something that causes a change in the motion of a body
center of gravity
point around which the body's weight is equally balanced, no matter how the body is positioned.
weight
force with which an object is attracted toward the center of the earth by gravity; weight depends on an objects mass and the strenght of the gravitational pull
pressure
force per unit area that one regious of a gas, liquid, or solid exerts on another region
volume
amount of space occupied by a three-dimensional object of region of space
density
measure of the quantity of some physical property(usually mass) per unit length, area or volume
torque
tendency of a force applied to an object to make the object rotate about an axis
impulse
change of momentum of a body or physical system over a time interval; equal to the force applied times the length of the time interval over which it is applied
mechanical loads
forces that act upon a body or object, including those from gravity, the muscles, and external to the body
eccentric
a movement that results in a lengthening of the muscle
torsion
the production of a force at one end of a body that results in a twisting motion, whereas the other end of the body remains fixed or moves in the opposite direction
mechanical fatigue
when the expected force production of a muscle, tendon, ligament, cartilage, or bone cannot be achieved or maintained.
forceful exertion
contributes to injury and pain by used in activities that require a large magnitude of force to perform a task; may easily lead to injury
awkward postures
contributes to injury and pain by using improper technique to perform a task can produce disabling injuries to active and supporting tissues and muscles
localized constant loads
contributes to injury and pain by occur between body tissues and objects in the environment and can cause increased compression and shearing on the tissues
repetitious motions
contributes to injury and pain by occur during repeated performance of tasks during the day and may cause injury through inflammation and repetitive stress.
sequential kinetic link principle
when segments of the body and joint rotations occur in a specific sequence or order
simultaneous kinetic link principle
when major movements of the body occur at the same time