RR x VT
What is the equation for pulmonary ventilation?
influencing factors on VE
Why are skeletal, respiratory musculature, and lung disease important in the thorax?
Maximum voluntary ventilation
What is maximal ventilation also referred to as?
140-180 L/min
What is maximal VE in college aged men?
80-120 L/min
What is maximal VE in college aged women?
25%
How much higher is MVV than VE observed at maximal exercise?
intensity
Cardiac output increases during exercise depending on _______.
5, 20-30
Pulmonary perfusion can be from ___ L/min at rest to ____ L/min or greater at peak exercise.
right side
Increase in cardiac output on the __________ equates to an increase in pulmonary perfusion.
80%
On average alveolar ventilation is ___ of cardiac output.
light, heavy
During ____ exercise the ratio of ventilation to perfusion is about the same. During ______ exercise the ratio of ventilation to perfusion may increase to > 5.0 with a fairly uniform distribution of blood flow.
Vd / Vt
What is the ventilatory dead space to tidal volume ration in formula form?
tidal volume that represents physiologic dead space ventilation
What does Vd / Vt represent?
expired CO2 and arterial CO2
What is used to calculate physiologic dead space?
.33
What is resting physiologic dead space?
.1 to .2
Where can physiologic dead space fall between during exercise as ventilation and perfusion are better matched?
Second ventilatory threshold
What represents further increase in ventilation to counter the decrease in plasma pH during heavy exercise?
Lactate threshold
What is the highest exercise intensity that is not associated with an elevation in blood lactate above pre-exercise levels?
CO2
Lactic acid is buffered producing an additional source of what?
Ventilation
CO2 being present from an additional source causes an increase in what?
VE and CO2
What have a dislinear rise during progressive exercise?
increases rapidly and levels off
What happens to ventilation during light to moderate intensity, short-term submax exercise?
decreases
What happens to Vd during light to moderate intensity, short-term submax exercise?
increases rapidly and levels off
What happens to Vt during light to moderate intensity, short-term submax exercise?
slowly increases and levels off
What happens to frequency during light to moderate intensity, short-term submax exercise?
decreases initially and levels off
What happens to VD/VT during light to moderate intensity, short-term submax exercise?
increases rapidly, levels off, drifts upward
What happens to VE during heavy, long duration, submax exercise?
decreases
What happens to VD during heavy, long duration, submax exercise?
increases rapidly and levels off
What happens to VT during heavy, long duration, submax exercise?
increases slowly, levels off, drifts upward
What happens to frequency during heavy, long duration, submax exercise?
decreases rapidly and levels off
What happens to VD/VT during heavy, long duration, submax exercise?
initial rectilinear rise, has two breakpoints
What happens to VE during incremental to max exercise?
decreases
What happens to VD during incremental to max exercise?
inverted U shape (increases greatly and reverses incocmpletely)
What happens to VT during incremental to max exercise?
has exponential curvilinear rise
What happens to frequency during incremental to max exercise?
decreases rapidly, levels off at 60% of max and maintains
What happens to VD/VT during incremental to max exercise?
4%
During rest and light exercise oxygen cost of ventilation is ____ of total VO2. (1.9-3.1 mL of O2 per liter of air)
2.1-4.5
As exercise intensity increases oxygen cost rises to _______ of O2 per liter of air.
8-11%
At maximal exercise oxygen costof ventilation is as much as _____ of total VO2.
40-60%
At max exercise inspiratory muscles using _____ of max capacity.
19%
What is the oxygen deficit during beginning and end of steady state exercise?
11%
What is recovery oxygen uptake during beginning and end of steady rate exercise?
ventilation, VO2
At beginning of exercise, _______ increases at a much greater rate than ____.
3
Cost of breathing in someone with COPD can be __ times greater than a healthy individual.
40%
In severe pulmonary disease, cost of breathing may reach ___ of total VO2.
leads to COPD
What are the chronic effects of tobacco use?
increase in airway resistance which may increase cost of breathing during heavy exercise
What are acute effects of tobacco use?
No
Does the pulmonary system limit aerobic capacity in healthy populations?
over-ventilate
During heavy exercise healthy individuals tend to ______ in relation to oxygen uptake which results in an increase in alveolar PO2 and a decrease in alveaolar PCO2.
elite endurance athletes (difference btwn alveolar and arterial PO2 widens and oxygen saturation drops)
In what population might the pulmonary system be a limiting factor?
rapid blood flow
In elite endurance athletes, diffusion limitation may be secondary to _________ through a relatively normal sized capillary volume.
increases, increases
In response to exercise oxygen consumption _____ and carbon dioxide production _____.
decrease
If left unchecked, arterial oxygen concentration would _____.
increase
If left unchecked arterial carbon dioxide would ____ which would decrease pH.
100 mmHg
Where does the body want to keep O2 levels?
40 mmHg
Where does the body want to keep CO2 levels?
7.4
Where does the body want to keep pH?
ventilation
What must increase during exercise to maintain homeostasis?
controlling factors of pulmonary ventilation
What are the following: temperature, receptors in lung tissue, proprioceptors in jts and muscles, chemical state of blood in medulla, peripheral chemoreceptors, motor cortex, subcortical regions?
Feedback control
What is dominant during resting ventilation, but not the primary mechanism during exercise?
chemoreceptors
During normal conditions for light and moderate exercise, O2 and CO2 concentrations do not change enough to stimulate _______.
ventilation, arterial CO2
During heavy exercise, increase in CO2 from buffering of lactic acid stimulates central chemoreceptors to increase ____ and decrease ______.
cyclic oscillations
What may be detected by peripheral chemoreceptors and influence exercise ventilation? (because it isnt from O2 and CO2 changing)
Cortical influence
What comes from respiratory neurons in the medulla being stimualted by neural outflow from regions of the motor cortex and cortical activation in anticipation of exercise? This impacts abrupt increase in VE at beginning of exercise.
Peripheral Influence
What is sensory input from joints, tendons, or muscles?
Temperature
increase in _____ stimulates neurons of the respiratory center; rapid changes in ventilation at beginning and end of exercise to rapid are accounted for by this.
pulmonary ventilation
Together all the systems finely match oxygen demand/ carbon dioxide elimination to ________.
increase until teens, steady til 30, drops
Describe pattern of minute ventilation at maximal exercise as you age, not relative to body weight.
slow, steady decline
Describe pattern of ventilation relative to body weight at maximal exercise as you age.
very slow steady decrease
Describe frequency of breaths as it changes with age.
slow steady increase followed by slow decline
Describe change in tidal volume as we age, mainly during max exercise.
decrease
From kid to adult frequency of breaths _____.
increase
From child to adult tidal volume does what?
decreases
From child to adult ventilation does what?