Axial Skeleton
Part of the skeleton that consists of the bone of the head, trunk, vertebrae
Appendicular Skeleton
The portion of the skeleton consisting of the bones or cartilage that support the appendages; legs, arms, and pelvis
Condyle
A rounded process that usually articulates with other bone
Crest
A narrow ridge-like projection
Epicondyle
A projection situated above a condyle
Facet
A small, nearly flat surface
Fissue
A cleft or groove
Fontanel
A soft spot in the skull where membranes cover the space between bones
Foramen
An opening through a bone that usually serves as a passageway for blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments
Fossa
A relatively deep pit or depression
Fovea
A tiny pit or depression
Head
An enlargement on the end of a bone
Linea
A narrow ridge
Meatus
A tube-like passageway within a bone
Process
A prominent projection on a bone
Ramus
A branch or similar extension
Sinus
A cavity within a bone
Spine
A thorn-like projection
Suture
An interlocking union between bones
Trochanter
A relatively large process
Tubercle
A small, knob-like process
Tuberosity
A knob-like process usually larger than a tubercle
Bone
�Bone forms around vessels
�Vascular and dynamic
�Allows for repair and remodeling
�Protect soft organs
�Provide framework
�Allow muscle attachment
�Storage of minerals
�Hemostasis
Hyaline Cartilage
�Most common type of cartilage
�Found on the end of many bones and joints, in soft part of the nose, and supporting rings of the respiratory passages
�Important for development and growth of most bones
�Endochondral bones (most of the bones in the skeleto
Elastic Cartilage
�More flexible than hyaline cartilage because the matrix contains many elastic fibers
�Provides framework for the external ears and parts of the larynx
Fibrocartilage
�Very tough tissue contains many collagenous fibers
�Shock absorber for structures that are subjected to pressure
�Forms pads (intervertebral discs) between individual bones of the spinal column
Long Bones
�Have long longitudinal axises
�Example: Ulna, Fibula, Femur, Humerus
Short Bones
�Are somewhat cube-like with their lengths and widths roughly equal
�Example: Wrist and ankle bones
Flat Bones
�Plate-like structures with broad surfaces, such as ribs, scapulae and some bones in the skull
Irregular Bones
�Have a variety of shapes and are usually connected to several other bones
�Example: Vertebrae and many facial bones
Sesamoid Bones
�Usually small and nodular are are embedded within tendons adjacent to joint where the tendons are compressed
Endochondral
�"Inside cartilage"
�Most bones in the skeleton are endochondral bones
�Develop from hyaline cartilage shaped like future bony structures, grow rapidly
Interstitial Growth
Cartilage growths in length
Appositional Growth
Cartilage grows in thickness
Ossification
�Cartilage cells enlarge and their lacunae grow, surrounding; soon the cartilage cells die and degenerate
�As the cartilage decomposes, a periosteum forms from connective tissue that encircles the developing structure
�Blood vessel and undifferentiated co
Osteoblasts
�A bone-forming cell
�Migrate in periosteum and deposit bone - but become trapped and decrease metabolism, maintaining existing bone (osteocyte)
Osteoclasts
�A cell that erodes bone
�Osteoblast engulfed by a monocyte (white blood cell) 'eaten' by phagocytosis
�Secretes HCl
Osteocytes
�A mature bone cell
Osteon
Or a Haversian system, consists of concentric layers, or lamellae, of compact bone tissue that surround a central canal, the Haversian canal which contains the bone's blood supply
Intramembranous Ossification
�Flat bones of the skull
�During development (osteogenesis), membrane like layers of unspecialized, or primitive connective tissue appear at the sites of future bones
�Dense networks of blood vessels supply these connective tissue layers
�Primitive cells
Epiphyseal Plate
Hyaline cartilage plate in the metaphysis at each end of a long bone
Epiphyseal Line
Cartilage that remains between the di and epiphysis of a bone
Cartilaginous Cell Layer
�Within long bone epiphysis that grows, occur in 4 layers
1. Closest to the epiphysis is composed of resting cells that do not actively participate in growth
2. The second layer contains rows of many young cells undergoing mitosis
3. Rows of older cells w
Blood Calcium
�Negative feedback
�If blood Ca+2 DECREASES then INCREASE parathormone
�If blood Ca+2 INCREASES then DECREASE calcitonin