D.B. Dill was a pioneer in the field of exercise physiology and was well known for his research in
human responses to exercise, heat, and high altitude
The methods and equipment for measuring oxygen consumption during exercise were first developed by
John Haldane
Muscle biopsy, a technique originally used in the early 1900s to study muscular dystrophy, was later introduced in the mid-1960s as a method for studying
muscle biochemistry
Who worked with P.-O. �strand to publish a classic study that provided a means to predict aerobic capacity from submaximal heart rate?
Irma Rhyming
Which protein is sensitive to Ca2+ and thereby helps initiate contraction?
Troponin
The process of plasmalemma depolarization involves which ion?
Na+
Which is the correct order of events in a contraction?
T-tubule action potential, Ca2+ released, cross-bridging, Ca2+ gathered in
The speed of muscle fiber contraction is determined primarily by the
speed of myosin ATPase
An example of an energy substrate is
palmitic acid
Which of these substrate stores in the body can provide the most overall kilocalories?
Triglyercides
Which of the following is responsible for lowering the activation energy of a chemical reaction?
Enzyme activity
The anaerobic glycolytic system would be the primary source of ATP for which running event?
800m (1/2 mi) run
In the absence of oxygen, the final product of glycolysis is
Lactic Acid
For aerobic metabolism, free fatty acids must be converted to acetyl-CoA via
B-oxidation
In which part of the cell does oxidative phosphorylation occur?
Mitochondria
An athlete with a high percentage of type II fibers would exhibit which characteristics?
Fewer mitochondria, lower oxidative enzymes
The somatic nervous system most specifically belongs to which division of the nervous system?
Motor
If membrane potential changes from -40 mV to -35 mV, this is an example of
Depolarization
The accumulation of multiple EPSPs on a postsynaptic cell is called
Summation
Which neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the motor end plate of a neuromuscular junction?
Acetylcholine
If membrane potential changes from -70 mV to -55 mV, what will happen?
An action potential will be generated.
The sympathetic nervous system would contribute to
Increased heart rate
Which of the following is associated with the parasympathetic nervous system?
Coronary arteriole constriction
Reflexes associated with Golgi tendon organs prevent skeletal muscles from
Contracting with too much force
Sensory impulses that result in controlled and coordinated movements are integrated in the
Cerebellum
Which of the following is a key characteristic of steroid hormones?
Lipid soluble
Nonsteroid hormones are characteristically
Amino acid/protein based
A key characteristic of prostaglandins is that they
Exert their efforts locally
For a given plasma concentration, hormone effectiveness can be altered by the
Number of cell receptors
The anterior pituitary is controlled by
Hypothalamic hormones
During prolonged exercise, T3 _______, while T4 _________.
Decreases, plateaus
An increase in plasma osmolality is the stimulus for release of
Aldosterone
Leptin
is higher in obese individuals, is secreted from adipose tissues, and increases satiety
Which source of glucose is used preferentially by exercising muscle?
From muscle glucogenolysis
A disadvantage of direct calorimetry is that
The heat generated by exercise equipment must be taken into account
The body utilizes ___________ oxygen when metabolizing carbohydrate compared to fat.
Less
As RER values approach 1.0
Glucose/glycogen metabolism maximal
What is the term used to describe the phenomenon that occurs when oxygen supply does not increase to meet the oxygen need at the onset of exercise?
Oxygen deficit
During endurance exercise, fatigue correlates best with
Low glycogen stores
Glycogen depletion from muscle fiber types occurs in which order?
I, IIa, IIx
Which of the following will likely result in the most severe DOMS?
Downhill-running interval training
The risk of DOMS after a given training session can be reduced by which training strategy?
Reduce eccentric component of muscle action
Heat EAMCs are most effectively treated using
Salt solution ingestion
End-diastolic volume - end-systolic volume =
Stroke volume
The pulmonary circulation encompasses all of these structures except
Mitral valve
Which element of the cardiac conduction system travels along the interventricular septum?
Atrioventricular bundle
The span between the QRS complex and the T wave represents which phase of the cardiac cycle?
Ventricular systole
If your blood pressure is 110/70 mmHg, then your mean arterial pressure is
83 mmHg
Passive vasodilation arises from
Withdrawal of sympathetic influence on blood vessels
Plasma makes up approximately what percentage of whole blood?
55%
The respiratory zone in the lungs includes the
Respiratory bronchioles
The internal intercostals are engaged during
Forced expiration
If you sit and breathe quietly into a spirometer, which lung volume is being recorded?
Tidal volume
If you breathe in as deeply as you can and then forcefully exhale as much as possible, a spirometer would be recording which lung volume?
Vital capacity
Which of these factors is most critical in determining the rate of pulmonary diffusion?
Gas partial pressure
According to Dalton's law
The partial pressures of nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide add up to atmospheric pressure
Which condition during exercise induces the Bohr effect
Lower pH
Which of the following methods of CO2 transport in blood contributes to acid-base balance?
Carbonic acid/ bicarbonate
At the onset of strenuous exercise, what changes would you expect to see in venous O2 content and difference, respectively
Decrease, increase
If chemoreceptors stimulate an increase in breathing rate and depth, this occurs because
Excess CO2 needs to be "blown off" (removed)
Steady-state heart rate can be used to
Predict aerobic capacity
Which of the following will decrease stroke volume?
Increased afterload
During endurance exercise, total peripheral resistance
Decreases
During maximal exercise, how much cardiac output is redirected to muscles?
80%
Cardiovascular drift is associated with
Decreased venous return
Based on breathing patterns immediately after exercise, postexercise breathing is most likely
Regulated by blood pH, PCO2, and temperature
The lactate threshold is best estimated using
Anaerobic threshold
The most effective buffer in the body is
Bicarbonate
If the rate of oxidative production of ATP is low, then
Aerobic power is low
Which two factors are most commonly manipulated in training for increased performance?
Volume and intensity
Resistance programs aimed at improving strength should involve
Concentric and eccentric training
Static-contraction resistance training is most effective for
Building strength during rehabilitation
Isokinetic training ensures that
Speed remains constant
LSD training aims for ______% maximal heart rate for long distances.
70%
Which type of aerobic power training is used as a varied, supplemental training strategy?
Fartlek training
One mechanism by which HIIT delays fatigue is by reducing the accumulation of ________ in the muscle.
Hydrogen ion
When motor units contract more synchronously,
Muscles increase the rate of force development
_____________ training is critical in developing fiber hypertrophy.
Eccentric
The most common fiber type alteration with heavy resistance training is
More type IIa, less type IIx
Strength losses after immobilization are greatest during the ___________.
First week
The recommended amount of protein to consume following resistance exercise is _____ g.
20-25
If the intensity of a single bout of aerobic exercise continues to increase, but VO2max plateaus or decreases slightly, this means that
True VO2 max has been reached
Which of the following is a sign of enhanced submaximal endurance capacity
Decreased submaximal heart rate
Which of the following statements explaining the increase in SV after aerobic training is correct?
Preload and contractility increase, afterload decreases
Which of the following changes occur in maximal blood pressure after aerobic training?
Systolic BP increases, diastolic BP decreases
Why does a-vO2 difference increase after aerobic training?
Tissue O2 extraction increases
Which of these is a major factor in muscle that limits further increases in VO2max?
Oxygen diffusion from capillary to mitochondria
After chronic endurance training, RER during submaximal exercise indicates that the body is
Depending more on fat and less of carbohydrate for fuel
Which of these external factors plays the biggest role in determining VO2max?
Genetics
The primary source of heat loss during exercise in the heat is
Evaporation
When an athlete is exercising in hot and humid weather
Core temperature will increase faster
The critical temperature theory suggests that
Exercise is shut down when a given core temperature is reached
Endurance training causes sweat glands to
Decrease electrolyte content of sweat secretion
_______________ is most effectively treated using whole-body immersion in an ice bath.
Heatstroke
As windchill becomes greater, ___________________.
Convective heat loss increases
During exercise in the cold, the primary metabolic substrate is
Glucose/glycogen in spite of increased circulating catecholamines
If muscle glycogen and blood glucose both start to run low during exercise in the cold, what is the consequence?
Suppression of shivering
The ability of the hypothalamus to regulate body temperature is compromised when core temperature falls below
94.1 F or 34.5 C
Why is water vapor pressure lower at altitude?
Cold air cannot hold very much water
During the early phase of altitude exposure, muscle oxygen exchange is diminished due to
Lower arterial PO2
During acute altitude exposures, maximal-intensity aerobic exercise is characterized by
Diminished maximal cardiac output
Within hours of reaching altitude, red blood cell concentration increases due to
Decreased plasma volume
VO2max starts to decline at approximately
1500m
Which metabolic system is most affected by altitude?
Oxidative
Which of these is not a consequence of live high, train high?
Enhanced VO2max
What reaction to altitude seems to put people at the highest risk for developing acute mountain sickness?
Inadequate veniltatory response
Normal glycogen content in muscle is approximately
100 mmol per kilogram muscle
_______ glycemic index foods are best before exercise, while _______ glycemic index foods are best immediately after exercise.
Low, high
Endurance training alters fat metabolism by
Mobilizing free fatty acids more easily
By adapting to a high-fat diet, athletes _______________ during exercise.
Enhance fat oxidation when glycogen stores are reduced
Which of the following is the strongest stimulus for thirst?
High blood osmolality
Which of these is not an effect of sodium in a sport drink?
Stimulates aldosterone release
Which of the following is not a benefit of caffeine supplementation?
Decreased use of muscle triglycerides
Ingesting foods or beverages high in nitrates has been reported to be associated with
Reduced VO2 max
B-Blockers can lead to
Low blood pressure
Fat deposits increase through childhood and adolescence due to
Increases in size and number of fat cells
Why does maximal heart rate decrease with age?
Adrenergic receptor desensitization
Why do adolescent girls have lower maximal ventilatory volumes compared to adolescent boys?
Lung volumes related to body size
Which of these bioenergetic systems is relatively unchanged from childhood to adulthood?
ATP-PCr
Which fuel substrate do children rely on more during aerobic exercise?
Fat
Why are children at higher risk for excessive convective heat transfer?
Higher surface area to mass ratio
With aging, which type of strength loss is greatest?
Concentric
Type I muscle fibers may become more prevalent with aging for all of these reasons except
type I fiber hypertrophy
How do skeletal muscle arterioles in older individuals compensate for reduced blood flow during exercise?
enhanced muscle oxygen extraction
What causes the decrease in pulmonary function with age?
stiffening of the lungs and chest wall
With aging, running performance declines
Independent of race distance
Which of these heat loss avenues are most affected by age?
Convection, evaporation
Men on average are taller than women because adolescent boys' bones grow
More slowly for a longer period of time
In which type of resistance exercise would the weight lifted by women come closest to matching the weight lifted by men (regardless of training status)?
Squats
In general, women have ________ lactate thresholds (expressed as %VO2max) compared to men.
Similar
A graded exercise test should include
An exercise ECG for those at high risk
Can heart rate be used as a predictor of exercise intensity?
Heart rate correlates with VO2
Which of these is not an element of a total exercise program?
Resistance training every day
Over the last 40 years, rates of cardiovascular disease in the United States have
Decreased
The most common type of stroke is
Ischemic
Recent pathophysiology theories for CHD suggest that monocytes
Become macrophages and ingest oxidized LDL
Much of our understanding of cardiovascular disease derives from
Epidemiology studies
How does exercise affect the peripheral circulation?
Decreases SBP and DBP
The exercise-induced decrease in blood pressure is most likely driven by
Decreased peripheral resistance
Which of these diets moves the set-point for body weight up?
High fat
In type 2 diabetics, what is the primary effect of exercise?
Enhances insulin sensitivity
Which component of energy expenditure has been shown to combat the negative effects of prolonged sitting?
NEAT