100, 180
On the Celsius temperature scale, there are _____ equal divisions between the ice point and the steam point . On the Fahrenheit temperature scale, there are _____ equal divisions between the ice point and the steam point .
T, Tc, absolute zero
T = Tc + 273.15
For scientific work, the Kelvin temperature scale is the scale of choice. One kelvin (K) is equal in size to one Celsius degree. However, the temperature _____ on the Kelvin scale differs from the temperature Tc on the Celsius scale by an additive constan
thermometric
The operation of any thermometer is based on the change in some physical property with temperature; this physical property is called a _____ property. Examples of these properties properties are the length of a column of mercury, electrical voltage, and e
Lo, ?L, ?T, ?, thermal stress
?L= ?Lo?T
Most substances expand when heated. For linear expansion, an object of length _____ experiences a change _____ in length when the temperature changes by _____, as shown in Equation 12.2, where _____ is the coefficient of linear expansion.
For an object he
?
coeficient of linear expansion
?V, Vo, ?
?V= ?Vo?T
For volume expansion, the change _____ in the volume of an object of volume _____ is given by Equation 12.3, where _____ is the coefficient of volume expansion. When the temperature changes, a cavity in a piece of solid material expands or contracts as if
?
Intensity level or coefficient of volume expansion
internal energy, Heat, higher, lower
The _____ ______ of a substance is the sum of the kinetic, potential, and other kinds of energy that the molecules of the substance have. _____ is energy that flows from a (lower/higher?)-temperature object to a (lower/higher?)-temperature object because
Q, m, ?T, c
Q = cm?T
The heat _____ that must be supplied or removed to change the temperature of a substance of mass _____ by an amount _____ is given by Equation 12.4, where _____ is a constant known as the specific heat capacity.
When materials are placed in thermal contac
c
specific heat capacity
Q, m, L
Q=mL
Heat must be supplied or removed to make a material change from one phase to another. The heat ______ that must be supplied or removed to change the phase of a mass _____ of a substance is given by Equation 12.5, where _____ is the latent heat of the subs
equilibrium vapor pressure, temperature, temperature, pressure
The _____ ______ ______ of a substance is the pressure of the vapor phase that is in equilibrium with the liquid phase. For a given substance, vapor pressure depends only on _____. For a liquid, a plot of the equilibrium vapor pressure versus temperature
dew point
% relativee humidity= (Partial pressure of water vapor)/(Equilibrium vapor pressure of water athe thexisting temperature) x100
The _____ _____ is the temperature below which the water vapor in the air condenses. On the vaporization curve of water, the dew point is the temperature that corresponds to the actual pressure of water vapor in the air.
Q
heat, radiant energy
m
mass
L
Length, latent heat
T
Temperature
Fahrenheit scale
The common temperature scale which assigns to the freezing point of water and to the boiling point of water.
Celsius scale
A scientific temperature scale which assigns to the freezing point of water and to the boiling point of water.
Kelvin (absolute) scale
A scientific temperature scale which has the same size degree as the Celsius scale, but assigns the lowest possible temperature as . A degree is called a Kelvin (K) and is the SI unit for temperature.
Absolute zero
The zero point on the Kelvin temperature
Thermal expansion
The change in physical size (length, area or volume) of a substance when its temperature changes. For most substances, the physical size increases with an increase in temperature and decreases with a decrease in temperature.
Thermal stress
A stress which develops within an object when it attempts to expand or contract in response to a temperature change, but cannot due to being held rigidly in place.
Internal energy
The energy associated with individual molecules in a gas, liquid, or solid. This energy may take the form of translational or rotational kinetic energy, vibrational energy, or potential energy.
Heat
The energy that flows from a higher temperature object to a lower temperature object because of the difference in temperatures. The SI unit of heat is the joule (J). Another unit for heat is the calorie (cal) or kilocalorie (kcal).
Specific heat capacity
The heat Q per unit mass per degree change in temperature that must be supplied or removed to change the temperature of a substance. The SI unit for specific heat is J/(kg C�).
Latent heat
The amount of heat energy per kilogram that must be added or removed when a substance changes from one phase to another (i.e., from solid to liquid - heat of fusion, or from liquid to gas - heat of vaporization). The SI unit of latent heat is J/kg.
Equilibrium vapor pressure
The pressure of the vapor phase of a substance that is in equilibrium with the liquid or solid phase. Vapor pressure depends only on temperature.
Phase diagram
A plot of pressure vs. temperature for a given substance showing the various phases possible for that particular substance.
e
1. Which one of the following statements correctly describes the Celsius and the Kelvin temperature scales?
a The size of the degree on the Celsius scale is larger than that on the Kelvin scale by a factor of 9/5.
b. Both scales assign the same temperatur
b
2. The drawing shows two thin rods, one made from aluminum and the other from steel . Each rod has the same length and the same initial temperature and is attached at one end to an immovable wall, as shown. The temperatures of the rods are increased, both
b
A solid sphere and a solid cube are made from the same material. The sphere would just fit within the cube, if it could. Both begin at the same temperature, and both are heated to the same temperature. Which object, if either, has the greater change in vo
e
Which of the following cases (if any) requires the greatest amount of heat? In each case the material is the same.
a. 1.5 kg of the material is to be heated by 7 C.
b. 3.0 kg of the material is to be heated by 3.5 C.
c. 0.50 kg of the material is to be he
a
Which of the following three statements concerning relative humidity values of 30% and 40% are true? Note that when the relative humidity is 30%, the air temperature may be different than it is when the relative humidity is 40%.
A. It is possible that at
Convection, Forced
_____ is the process in which heat is carried from place to place by the bulk movement of a fluid. During natural convection, the warmer, less dense part of a fluid is pushed upward by the buoyant force provided by the surrounding cooler and denser part.
Conduction, thermal conductors, thermal insulators, Q, t, L, A, ?T, k
Q = (kA?T)/L
_____ is the process whereby heat is transferred directly through a material, with any bulk motion of the material playing no role in the transfer. Materials that conduct heat well, such as most metals, are known as _____ _____. Materials that conduct hea
Radiation, perfect blackbody, Q, t, A, T, ?, e, net radiant power
_____ is the process in which energy is transferred by means of electromagnetic waves. All objects, regardless of their temperature, simultaneously absorb and emit electromagnetic waves. Objects that are good absorbers of radiant energy are also good emit
e
emmissivity
?
Stefan-Boltzman constat
= 5.67 E-8
Convection
A process in which heat energy is transferred by the flow of a fluid.
Convection Current
The flow of a fluid when heat is transferred by convection.
Natural convection
A convection process in which the fluid flows due to buoyant forces produced because the heated fluid is less dense than the surrounding cooler fluid.
Forced convection
A convection process in which an external device, such as a fan, is used to produce the fluid flow.
Conduction
A process by which heat is transferred through a material without a bulk movement of the material.
Thermal conductors
Materials which conduct heat well.
Thermal insulators
Materials which conduct heat poorly.
Radiation
A process by which energy is transferred by electromagnetic waves.
Blackbody
An idealized perfect absorber and perfect emitter of radiation.
d
The heat conducted through a bar depends on which of the following?
A. The coefficient of linear expansion
B. The thermal conductivity
C. The specific heat capacity
D. The length of the bar
E. The cross-sectional area of the bar
a A, B, and D
b A, C, and
b
Two bars are conducting heat from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature. The bars have identical lengths and cross-sectional areas, but are made from different materials. In the drawing they are placed "in parallel" between the t
c
Three cubes are made from the same material. As the drawing indicates, they have different sizes and temperatures. Rank the cubes according to the radiant energy they emit per second, largest first.
image
a A, B, C
b A, C, B
c B, A, C
d B, C, A
e C, B, A
molecular mass, n, N, N.A, m, m.particle
n= N/NA N = m/Mass per mole m.particle = Mass per mole/NA
Each element in the periodic table is assigned an atomic mass. One atomic mass unit (u) is exactly one-twelfth the mass of an atom of carbon-12. The ______ _____ of a molecule is the sum of the atomic masses of its atoms.
The number of moles _____ contain
n
The number of moles contained in a sample
N
number of particles (atoms or molecules) in the sample
P, V, n, T, R = 8.31, k = R/N.A
PV=nRT PV=NkT P.iV.i=P.fV.f V.i/T.i=V.f/T.f
The ideal gas law relates the absolute pressure _____, the volume _____, the number ____ of moles, and the Kelvin temperature _____ of an ideal gas, according to Equation 14.1, where ____ is the universal gas constant. An alternative form of the ideal gas
P
absolute pressure
R
Universal gas constant
= 8.31
KE, v.rms, U
KE = (1/2)mv.rms^2 = (3/2)kT U = (3/2)nRT
The distribution of particle speeds in an ideal gas at constant temperature is the Maxwell speed distribution (see Figure 14.8). The kinetic theory of gases indicates that the Kelvin temperature T of an ideal gas is related to the average translational ki
v.rms
root-mean-square of particles
U
internal energy
monoatomic
composed of single atoms
m, t, L, A, ?C, D
m = ((DA?C)t)/L
Diffusion is the process whereby solute molecules move through a solvent from a region of higher solute concentration to a region of lower solute concentration. Fick's law of diffusion states that the mass _____ of solute that diffuses in a time _____ thr
?C
solute concentration difference
D
diffusion constant
d
All but one of the following statements are true. Which one is not true?
a A mass (in grams) equal to the molecular mass (in atomic mass units) of a pure substance contains the same number of molecules, no matter what the substance is.
b One mole of any p
b
For an ideal gas, each of the following unquestionably leads to an increase in the pressure of the gas, except one. Which one is it?
a Increasing the temperature and decreasing the volume, while keeping the number of moles of the gas constant
b Increasing
d
The atomic mass of a nitrogen atom (N) is 14.0 u, while that of an oxygen atom (O) is 16.0 u. Three diatomic gases have the same temperature: nitrogen (N2), oxygen (O2), and nitric oxide (NO). Rank these gases in ascending order (smallest first), accordin
e
The following statements concern how to increase the rate of diffusion (in ). All but one statement are always true. Which one is not necessarily true?
a Increase the cross-sectional area of the diffusion channel, keeping constant its length and the diffe
Atomic mass scale
A scale in which the mass of an atom of one element is compared to the mass of an atom of another element. The reference atom is chosen to be carbon-12, whose atomic mass is defined to be exactly twelve atomic mass units (12 u), where .
The Mole and Avogadro's number
One mole of a substance contains as many particles (atoms or molecules) as there are atoms in 12 grams of the isotope carbon-12. There are atoms in 12 grams of carbon-12. The number of atoms per mole is known as Avogadro's number, , where .
Ideal gas law
Relates the pressure, volume, and temperature of an ideal gas. It states that where is the number of moles present and R is the universal gas constant.
Kinetic theory of gases
The theory which states that the temperature of an ideal gas is defined by the average kinetic energy of the particles making up the gas.
Maxwell speed distribution
The distribution of particle speeds in an ideal gas at a given temperature.
Internal energy
The sum of the various kinds of energy that the atoms or molecules of a substance possess. This includes translational and rotational kinetic energy, vibrational energy, and potential energy.
Diffusion
The process whereby solute molecules move from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.
system, surroundings, state
A thermodynamic _____ is the collection of objects on which attention is being focused, and the ______ are everything else in the environment. The _____ of a system is the physical condition of the system, as described by values for physical parameters, o
thermal equilibrium, Temperature
Two systems are in _____ ______ if there is no net flow of heat between them when they are brought into thermal contact. _____ is the indicator of thermal equilibrium in the sense that there is no net flow of heat between two systems in thermal contact th
0E, 1B, 2AD, 3C
Match the laws. Numbers may have more than one letter. All letters used only once
0 Zeroth
1 First
2 Second
3 Third
A the total entropy of the universe does not change when a reversible process occurs and increases when an irreversible process occurs
B Du
?U, U.i, U.f, gains, loses, by, on, internal energy
?U = U.f-U.i = Q-W
The first law of thermodynamics states that due to heat Q and work W , the internal energy _____ of a system changes from its initial value of _____ to a final value of _____ according to Equation 15.1. In this equation Q is positive when the system (gain
isochoric, isothermal, adiabatic
W = P?V = P(V.f-V.i)
A thermal process is quasi-static when it occurs slowly enough that a uniform pressure and temperature exist throughout the system at all times. An isobaric process is one that occurs at constant pressure. The work W done when a system changes at a consta
? = C.p/C.v
W = nRTln(V.f/V.i) W = (3/2)nR(T.i-T.f) (P.iV.i)^? = (P.fV.f)^?
When n moles of an ideal gas change quasi-statically from an initial volume to a final volume at a constant Kelvin temperature T , the work done is given by Equation 15.3, and the process is said to be isothermal.
When n moles of a monatomic ideal gas cha
?
ratio of the specific heat capacities at constant pressure and constant volume
= C.p/C.v
monatomic, diatomic, C.p = (7/2)R, C.v.=(5/2)R
Q = CndT C.p-C.v = R
EDIT THIS MORE>
The molar specific heat capacity C of a substance determines how much heat Q is added or removed when the temperature of n moles of the substance changes by an amount , according to Equation 15.6. For a _____ ideal gas, the molar specific heat capacities
diatomic
Has with two molecule ie N2, H2, etc.
e
e = Work done/Input heat = |W|/|Q.H| |Q.H| = |W| + |Q.c| e = 1- |Q.c|/|Q.H|
A heat engine produces work from input heat that is extracted from a heat reservoir at a relatively high temperature. The engine rejects heat into a reservoir at a relatively low temperature. The efficiency _____ of a heat engine is given by Equation 15.1
|W|
magnitude of work
|Q.H|
magnitude o input heat
|Q.c|
magnitude of rejected heat
|Q.c|/|Q.H| = T.c/T.H e.Carrot = 1/ T.c/T.H
A reversible process is one in which both the system and its environment can be returned to exactly the states they were in before the process occurred.
Carnot's principle is an alternative statement of the second law of thermodynamics. It states that no
e.Carrot
the maximum efficiency that an engine operating between two fixed temperatures
coefficient of performance of a refrigerator = |Q.c|/|W| Coefficient of performance of a heat pump = |Q.H|/|W|
Refrigerators, air conditioners, and heat pumps are devices that utilize work to make heat flow from a lower Kelvin temperature to a higher Kelvin temperature . In the process (the refrigeration process) they deposit heat at the higher temperature. The pr
?S. reversible, Irreversible
?S = (Q/T).R W.unavailable = Tp?S.universe
The change in entropy _____ for a process in which heat Q enters or leaves a system reversibly at a constant Kelvin temperature T is given by Equation 15.18, where the subscript R stands for "_____."
The second law of thermodynamics can be stated in a num
S
entropy
c
The first law of thermodynamics states that the change in the internal energy of a system is given by , where Q is the heat and W is the work. Both Q and W can be positive or negative numbers. Q is a positive number if ________, and W is a positive number
b
The drawing shows the expansion of three ideal gases. Rank the gases according to the work they do, largest to smallest.
image
a A, B, C
b A and B (a tie), C
c B and C (a tie), A
d B, C, A
e C, A, B
a
The pressure-volume graph shows three paths in which a gas expands from an initial state A to a final state B. The change in internal energy is the same for each of the paths. Rank the paths according to the heat Q added to the gas, largest to smallest.
i
e
ideal monatomic gas expands isothermally from A to B, as the graph shows. What can be said about this process?
image
a The gas does no work.
b No heat enters or leaves the gas.
c The first law of thermodynamics does not apply to an isothermal process.
d T
c
A monatomic ideal gas is thermally insulated, so no heat can flow between it and its surroundings. Is it possible for the temperature of the gas to rise?
a Yes. The temperature can rise if work is done by the gas.
b No. The only way that the temperature c
c
A refrigerator operates for a certain time, and the work done by the electrical energy during this time is W=1000J. What can be said about the heat delivered to the room containing the refrigerator?
a. The heat delivered to the room is less than 1000 J.
b
b
Heat is transferred from the sun to the earth via electromagnetic waves (see Chapter 24). Because of this transfer, the entropy of the sun ________, the entropy of the earth ________, and the entropy of the sun-earth system ________.
a increases, decrease
Thermodynamics
A branch of physics built upon the laws which govern the behavior of heat and work.
Diathermal walls
Walls which separate a system and the environment and allow heat to flow through them.
Adiabatic walls
Walls which separate the system and environment and do not allow heat to flow through them.
State of the system
The physical condition of the system which is usually described by specifying the pressure, volume and temperature.
Thermal equilibrium
The state of two or more systems in thermal contact when no heat flows between them. Systems are in thermal equilibrium when they are at the same temperature.
Isobaric process
A thermodynamic process which occurs at constant pressure.
Isochoric process
A thermodynamic process which occurs at constant volume.
Isothermal process
A thermodynamic process which occurs at constant temperature.
Adiabatic process
A thermodynamic process in which no heat flows into or out of the system.
Molar specific heat capacity
The constant, , in the equation which determines the amount of heat lost or gained by moles of a substance when its temperature changes by .
Heat engine
Any device that uses heat to perform work.
Reversible process
A process in which both the system and its environment can be returned to exactly the states they had before the process occurred.
Carnot's principle
No irreversible engine operating between two reservoirs at constant temperatures can have a greater efficiency than a reversible engine operating between the same temperatures.
Entropy
A function of state that is associated with disorder in the system and environment.