T/F: Critical Criminologists contend that society's economic system plays a significant role in producing criminal behavior
True
T/F: At the preliminary hearing, the judge decides whether there is probable cause sufficient for trial.
True
Which concept of crime implies that crimes are behaviors that all members of society consider to be repugnant, be they rich and powerful or poor and powerless?
Consensus view of crime
The American legal system is a direct descendant of:
British common law
Approximately how many people are arrested each year for serious felony offenses?
2 million
A statutory requirement that a certain penalty shall be carried out in all cases of conviction for a specified offense or series of offenses is know as:
Mandatory sentencing
T/F: The National Crime Victimization Survey addresses the non-reporting of crime issue inherent in the UCR
True
T/F: The weight of recent research suggests that serious crime is more prevalent in socially disorganized lower-class areas.
True
What shortcoming in the UCR is addressed by the National Crime Victimization Survey?
The non-reporting issue
What neurotransmitter is known to limit offensive behavior?
Serotonin
The police chief in Anytown, USA is conducting weekly seminars where the residents of his city can come and learn about crime rates, crime trends, and crime patterns in their city. Every week the seminars seem to become more popular. At the most recent se
NCVS
During the last decade, property crimes have______
Dropped more than 10 percent
T/F: Some victims - for instance, the elderly, the poor, and minority group members - develop a persistent and paralyzing fear that they will again become victimized.
True
What category of victim precipitation occurs when the victim exhibits some personal characteristic that unknowingly either threatens or encourages the attacker?
Passive precipitation
The most controversial element of the victims' rights movement is the _____.
Development of offender registration laws
Christopher is a 17-year-old high school senior who is constantly getting into arguments with his mother. She believes he should have a 9 p.m. curfew and that he should not hang out with certain people in certain neighborhoods. She is fearful he will beco
Girls
Which best describes what a victimologist is?
A criminologist who focuses on the victims of crime
T/F: Criminals structure crime. For instance, crack cocaine street dealers prefer the middle of a long block as the location for dealing.
True
T/F: Specific deterrence is also called particular deterrence.
True
At the end of the nineteenth century, the popularity of the classical approach began to decline as ______________ criminologists focused their attention on internal and external factors, such as poverty, IQ, and education, rather than personal choice and
Positivist
People who believe that they will be caught if they commit crime are the ones most likely to be deterred from committing criminal acts. What element of deterrence does this reflect?
Certainty of punishment
Fred is a twenty-year-old who lives in a large metropolitan city. He graduated high school but decided that he would get a job immediately following high school instead of going to college. He thought making money at that moment was more important than fu
Discouragers
Trevor is a habitual criminal offender. He has committed dozens of robberies and hundreds of burglaries, and has stolen approximately 30 vehicles. Trevor was 14 when his was first arrested for stealing a car. He is now 44 years old and just got out of pri
Incapacitation
T/F: Biosocial research has found that abnormal levels of male sex hormones, or androgens, produce aggressive behavior.
True
T/F: Biologically oriented therapy is seldom used because it has no beneficial treatment in the criminal justice system.
False
Diet, hormones, and contaminants are the causes of behavior in the ______________ perspective.
Biochemical
According to ______________ theory, for a variety of genetic and environmental reasons, people's brains function differently in response to environmental stimuli.
Arousal
At the age of 15, Julie gave birth to twin sons. Julie was a high school dropout and did not have a job. She ws not able to take proper care of the boys so she decided to give them up for adoption. Their father was convicted of armed robbery and rape. He
That their biological father is criminal
At the age of 15, Julie gave birth to twin sons. Julie was a high school dropout and did not have a job. She was not able to take proper care of the boys so she decided to give them up for adoption. Their father was convicted of armed robbery and rape. He
Mercury
T/F: Agnew's focus on negative effective states offers a more general explanation of criminality among all elements of society rather than being restrictive to lower-class crime.
True
T/F: In transitional neighborhoods, successive changes dissolve neighborhood culture and organization.
True
Oscar Lewis argues that the crushing lifestyle of lower-class areas produces ______________ that is passed on from one generation to the next.
A culture of poverty
Which theory focuses on the urban conditions, such as high unemployment and school dropout rates, to explain crime?
Social disorganization theory
Social ecology school criminologists associate crime rates and the need for police services to ______________ .
Community deterioration
______________ is an interdisciplinary approach to the study of interdependent social and environmental problems that cause crime.
Social ecology school
T/F: Social process theories have had a major influence on public policy initiatives over the last 60-plus years.
True
T/F: Parental deviance is the ability of parents to be supportive of their children and effectively control them in non-coercive ways.
False
Social process theories share one basic concept. Which is it?
All people, regardless of race, class, or gender, have the potential to become delinquents or criminals
Social control theory suggests that_____
Crime occurs when the forces that bind people to society are weakened or broken
______________ refers to a style of parenting with parents who are supportive and who effectively control their children in a non-coercive way.
Parental efficacy
Children who fail in in school offend more frequently than those who graduate. According to research on national dropout rates, which of the following group sets has "little more than a fifty-fifty chance" of graduating high school?
Hispanic Americans and African Americans
T/F: It is illegal for the police to monitor people in public places with cameras and secretly record their activities.
False
T/F: To unmask the true purpose of the law, justice, or other social institutions is to deconstruct.
False
Displacement of workers by pushing them outside the economic and social mainstream is know as ______________ .
Marginalization
Critical theorist question the altruism of multinational corporations and, therefore, take a very skeptical view of ______________ .
Globalization
______________ reflects a critical perspective that explains both the exploitation of women and women's criminality in terms of gender inequality and patriarchy.
Critical feminism
Jackson and Olivia are high school sweethearts who married at the age of 21. Both graduated from college with degrees in pharmacy (Jackson) and nursing (Olivia) and work in their respected professions. They reside near Philadelphia, PA. and are currently
Egalitarian family
The feeling we get when we don't meet the standards we have set for ourselves or that significant others have set for us is called ______________ .
Shame
T/F: While problem behavior syndrome is linked to violent criminal activity, there is no explanatory research linking PBS to impulsiveness, low self ego, and drug abuse.
False
T/F: Adolescents who do not engage in any deviant behavior, a path that places them outside of the norm for the age group, are referred to as abstainers.
True
How do life course theorists view criminality?
As a dynamic process
According to Laub and Sampson, the life-changing events that alter the development of a criminal career are called ___________ .
Turning points
In their general theory of crime, Gottfredson and Hirschi consider the criminal offender and the criminal act as ___________ concepts.
Separate
Which of the following is a pathway to a criminal career that begins with minor aggression and eventually escalates to violent crime?
Overt pathway
T/F: Research has shown that a significant number of adults involved in violent episodes may be suffering from mental illness; however, the link between mental illness and violent episodes is limited at best with juveniles.
False
T/F: Voluntary or nonnegligent manslaghter refers to a killing committed in the heat of passion or during a sudden quarrel that provoked violence.
True
Frank is a drug user. Frank robs a store to support his heroin habit. This is an example of ___________ .
Economic compulsive disorder
Which of the following statements regarding causes of violence is inaccurate?
Humans, like all other animals, lack the inhibition against killing members of their own species
Diana Russel's concept of the virility mystique reflects which causal factor of why men commit rape?
Because of male socialization
Frederick Lawrence argues that criminals motivated by bias deserve to be punished more severely than those who commit identical crimes for other motives. Why is this so?
Bias crimes should be punished more severely for targeted community's, equality, serious injury (all of the above)
T/F: Political crimes can include both violent and nonviolent crimes.
True
T/F: Al-Qaeda, the group responsible for the 9/11 attacks, is an example of a retributive terrorist group.
True
Which terem describes an act that causes severe pain or suffering, whether physical or psychological, that is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining a confession or information.
Torture
Syria, Libya, and Egypt have all lost control of their own territory and have been unable to provide services and protection to their citizens with the rise of ISIS. These countries would be examples of a ____________ .
Failed state
The National Consortium for the Studdy of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism's (START) most recent data revealed ___________ .
ISIS has caused more than 30,000 deaths and 40,000 injuries
What title is given to the overnment official charged with coordinating data from the nation's primary intelligence gathering agencies?
Director of national intelligence
T/F: The definition of larceny evolved with the growth of manufacturing and the development of the free enterprise system.
True
T/F: Criminologists view amateur shoplifters as people who are most likely to reform if apprehended.
True
According to the text, which term describes an amateur shoplifter who does not self-identify as a thief but who systematically steals merchandise for personal use?
Snitch
A Ponzi scheme is one type of ____________ whereby people swindle money with payments of returns earned from new investors.
White-collar fraud
Which term involves using illegal means to cheat an organization, its consumers, or both, on a regular basis?
Chiseling
Travis Hirschi and Michael Gottfredson argue that peoplle commit white-collar and green-collar crimes due to ____________ .
Lack of self control
Edward Alsworth coined this term to describe the kind of person who hides behind his or her image as a pillar of the community to get personal gain through any means necessary.
Criminaloid
T/F: Paraphilias are deviant sexual pracctices, such as transvestite fetishism and voyeurism. Not all are considered crimes.
True
T/F: Roger Mathews argues for the decriminalization of prostitution because his research shows it is actually one of the world's least dangerous occupations.
False
T/F: The nation is still "at war with drugs," a positive sign can be found in the nearly 200 percent reduction in hospital visits for drug-related illness over the last decade.
False
T/F: Opium was first discovered in 1887 by Josef Mendelson as a derivative for the harsh medications used for relaxation at the time.
False
According to the theory of social harm, immoral acts can be distinguished from crimes on the basis of the ___________ they cause.
Injury
The movement to ban gay marriage in California that led to the passage of Proposition 8 is an example of a/an ___________ .
Moral crusade
An NFL cheerleader recently engaged in a sex act with a 15-year-old boy. This is referred to as ___________ .
Pedophilia
What influential social reformer was opposed to the legalization of prositution based on her work at Chicago's Hull House?
Jane Addams
Which category of prostitute is believed to be responsible for the recent upsurge in prostitution?
Cyberprostitutes
Which issue presents an obstacle to controlling drugs via source control strategies?
These are all issues that present obstacles to controlling drugs via source control sterategies.
Ethan Nadelmann argues that drugs should be legalized because ___________ .
The use of mood-altering substances is customary in almost all human societies.
Gloria is a 22-year-old woman from Florida who is studying to become a nurse. She began working as an exotic dancer at a gentlemen's club when she turned 20 to help pay for her tuition. After dancing for a year, Gloria heard several of the other girls tal
Call girl
T/F: Cyberthieves are motivated less by profit than cybervandals.
False
T/F: The Lost Boy case illustrates the difficulty of controlling Internet pornography.
True
T/F: Recent research by Hinduja and Patchin on cyberbullying has found that roughly 46 percent of high school students surveyed had been a victim of cyberbullying, and nearly 62 percent reported perpetrating cyberbullying.
True
T/F: The traditional sources means of income for transnational organized crime groups are derived from providing illicit materials and from using force to enter into and maximize profits in legitimate businesses.
True
Which of the following statements about Internet extortion is FALSE?
To date, most users recover quickly, increase their security, and experience few further problems.
Which of the following is true about ATM skimming crimes?
All of the above
Rebecca's ex-boyfriend Peter bombards her with hundreds of texts and calls each day. He has even posted nude pictures of her online. Rebecca is a victim of ___________ .
Cyberstalking
Chinese hackers used a phishing email to breach a contractor for the US Office of Personnel Mnagement, which exposed the records of 21 million civil service employees. This is an exampe of ___________ .
Cyberespionage
Which of the following is true about the Convention on Cybercrime, ratified in 2006?
It was the first international treaty to address the definition and enforcement of cybercrime.
The Internet Crime Complaint Center, based in Fairmont, WV., is run by the National White Collar Crime Center and which federal agency?
FBI
Which of the following statements about transnational organized crime is FALSE?
It usually does not include drug sales but is more inclined to commit business-related crimes.
Passed in 1970 the ___________ act is federal legislation that enables prosecutors to bring additional criminal and civil charges against people whose multiple criminal acts constitute a conspiracy.
RICO
Which of the following is true about Asian transnational crime groups?
In Taiwan, the number one organized crime problem is the penetration of mobsters into legitimate business sectors and politics.