Which of the following is not one of the functions that federal law enforcement officers are authorized to perform?
Maintain Order
Which of the following federal law enforcement agencies is not under the jurisdiction of the Department of Justice?
The U.S. Secret Service
Currently, the main priority of the Federal Bureau of Investigation is...
Terrorism
The first modern state police force, in Pennsylvania, was an example of the ____ of state policing.
Centralized
Which agency head is most likely to be an elected official?
The Country Sheriff
Which local law enforcement official is responsible for serving court papers, maintaining security within courtrooms, and running county jail?
Sheriff
Which is the largest segment of law enforcement today?
Private Protective Services
Which of the following is NOT a reason for rapid growth of the private security in the US?
Increasing overall crime rate
Private security forces may have been responsible for the:
Recent decrease in reported crime
(T/F) Any law enforcement agency in the US may receive lab services from the FBI free of charge
True
(T/F) Centralized state police agencies focus primarily on traffic and law enforcement duties on the state's highways
False
(T/F) The top priority of the FBI today is the prevention of future terrorist attacks
True
(T/F) The NYPD is the largest law enforcement agency in the U.S.
True
(T/F) A sworn law enforcement is one who is trained and empowered to perform full police duties, such as making arrests, conducting investigations, and carrying firearms
True
(T/F) Municipal police chiefs are responsible for operating the county jails.
False
(T/F) Private police outnumber public police officers in the US
True
(T/F) The federal government employs private security personnel
True
(T/F) The majority of the infrastructure in the US is protected by public police.
False
Which agency is responsible for the NCVS?
Bureau of Justice Statistics
Why is the main reason why the Crime Index no longer included the UCR?
There are so many larcenies that this crime overshadows more serious index crimes
For which of the following studies would you definitely want to use NIBRS rather than the UCR?
A study examining multiple crimes that occur within a single incident
Which factor contributed to a dramatic increase in crime in the US in the 1960-70s?
The baby boom
According to text, what should we expected to see in the near future when we examine crime statistics?
The decline in crime observed since the mid 1990s is expected to end and criminal activity will increase.
The ____ is a traditional measure of investigative effectiveness that compares the number of crimes reported or discovered to the number of crimes solved through arrest or other means.
Clearance Rate
All of the following are Part I violent crime offenses except
Prostitution
Which of the Part I violent crimes is the least common?
Murder
A ____ involves killing at least four victims at one location during one event
Mass Murder
Most rapes are committed by
An acquaintance of the victim
The unlawful, intentional inflicting, or attempted or threatened inflicting of serious injury upon the person of another is the crime of
Aggravated Assault
____ is defined as the unlawful entry of a structure to commit a felony or theft
Burglary
_____ is the unlawful taking or attempted taking, carrying, leading, or riding away of property, from the posession or constructive of another.
Larceny/Theft
Each of the following falls under larceny EXCEPT
robbery
_____ involves obtaining key pieces of information to obtain credit, merchandise, and services in the victim's name.
Identity Theft
For ______, offenses the UCR only collects information on recorded arrests.
Part II
The dark figure of crime refers to
crime that is not reported to police
Which of the following crime victims would not be included in the sample of individuals surveyed for the NCVS?
A 10-year old boy who was beaten up and whose bicycle was stolen
Which of the following is not a problem with the UCR program?
The UCR does not include data on crimes committed against children under the age of 12
A classification of crimes along the particular dimension, such as legal categories, offender motivation, victim behavior, or the crime characteristics of individual offenders is also known as
Crime Typology
The use of Internet to bully someone else is
Cyberstalking
The elderly are more likely than younger people to
Be victimized by strangers
The economic downturn resulted in a significant increase in which type of crime?
Mortgage Fraud Scams
Unlawful activity undertaken and supported by organized criminal groups operating across national boundaries is known as ______ organized crime.
Transnational
(T/F) NIBRS represents a significant redesign of the original UCR program.
True
(T/F) All Part I offenses are violent crimes.
False
(T/F) The clearance rate compares # of crimes reported to # of crimes solved through arrest or other means.
True
(T/F) Murders are usually committed by strangers.
False
(T/F) In serial murder, there is some period of time between each killing.
True
(T/F) Most researchers argue that the primary motive of rape if power rather than a desire for sexual gratification.
True
(T/F) According to UCR/NIBRS Program, larceny-theft is the most frequently reported major crime.
True
(T/F) The UCR/NIBRS program focuses on ensuring cybercrimes are properly counted in the crime statistics.
False
(T/F) The dark figure of crime refers to crimes that are reported to police.
False
(T/F) The NCVS interviewers validate the information obtained from victims against police records or other sources.
False
(T/F) The use of the internet to bully others is called cyberstalking.
True
(T/F) Most stalking laws require that the perpetrator make a credible threat of violence against the victim or members of the victim's immediate family.
True
(T/F) The elderly are more likely than younger people to be victims of violent crime.
False
(T/F) Most hate crimes are motivated by racial bias.
True
(T/F) The problem of mortgage fraud has been declining.
False
(T/F) Corporations can be convicted of violations of the criminal law.
True
(T/F) Most offenders obtain weapons from retail establishments.
False
(T/F) Drug violations are the main cause of the increase in prison population in the US today.
True
Social ____ is a condition said to exist when a group is faced with social change, uneven development of culture, maladaptiveness, disharmony, conflict, and lack of consensus.
Disorganization
____ rights are guaranteed to all members of American society by the US Constitution and are particularly important to criminal defendants facing formal processing by the criminal justice system.
Individual
In the 1990s, the perception that crime rates were increasing and that offenders were not being punished resulted in an increased focus on
Individual Accountability
Currently, we are seeing a decrease in which types of crime?
Traditional Crime
One who believes that under certain circumstances involving a criminal threat to public safety, the interests of society should take precedence over individual rights is a ______ advocate.
Public Order
____ is an ideal that embraces all aspects of civilized life and that is linked to fundamental notions of fairness and to cultural beliefs about right and wrong.
Social Justice
What are the three major components of the Criminal Justice system?
Police, Courts, Corrections
Which model best assumes that the system's components work together harmoniously to achieve justice?
Consensus Model
Which stage in the criminal justice process involves taking pictures and fingerprints of the suspect?
Booking
Which of the following generally, does not occur during a preliminary hearing?
The defendant is asked to enter a plea
By returning an indictment, the grand jury has determined that
There is probably cause to formally charge the defendant with the crime.
The ____ Amendment to the US Constitution gives every defendant the right to trial by jury.
Sixth
In which of the following situations may a bench trial occur?
The defendant waives his right to a trial by jury.
An offender is convicted of multiple crimes and is sentences for each offense. A ____ sentence permits the offender to serve all sentences at the same time.
Concurrent
The ____ model emphasizes the efficient arrest and conviction of criminal offenders.
Crime-Control
____ refers to crime fighting strategies that have been scientifically tested and are based on social science research.
Evidence-based Practice
______ describes the scientific study of the causes and prevention of crime and the rehabilitation and punishment of offenders.
Criminology
Multiculturalism is one form of
Diversity
(T/F) A crime is a behavior for which there is no legally acceptable justification or excuse.
True
(T/F) In the late 20th century, public perspectives shifted towards seeing the criminal as a dangerous social predator rather than an unfortunate victim of social and personal circumstances.
True
(T/F) Public order advocate is one who believes that under certain circumstances involving a criminal threat to public safety, the interests of society should take precedence over individual rights.
True
(T/F) The administration of justice focuses on the laws of civil procedure and the various procedures and activities relating to fairness in the relationship between citizens, government agencies, and businesses and private matters.
False
(T/F) The criminal justice system is biased towards those in disenfranchised groups.
False
(T/F) The grand jury system is required to follow the same procedural rules as a criminal trial.
False
(T/F) The judge is not required to accept a guilty plea.
True
(T/F) The majority of sentences are imposed in criminal cases after defendants have been found guilty at trial.
False
(T/F) A consecutive sentence occurs when an offender found guilty of more than one charge is ordered to serve one sentence after another one is completed.
True
(T/F) The corrections stage begins prior to sentencing.
False
(T/F) Evidence-based practice involves crime-fighting strategies that have been scientifically tested and are based on social science research.
True
A violation of social norms defining appropriate behavior under a particular set of circumstances is known as
Deviance
A _____ is a set of interrelated propositions that attempt to describe, explain, predict, and ultimately control some class of events.
Theory
_____ is an 18th century approach to crime causation and criminal responsibility that emphasizes free will and reasonable punishments.
The Classical School
Which of the following scholars is considered to be a Classical School criminologist?
Cesare Beccaria
What is atavism?
A condition characterized by features thought to be common in earlier stages of human evolution.
According to somatotyping, ______ have the greatest likelihoods of becoming criminals.
Predominantly Mesomorphic Individuals
Which approach to explaining crime addresses the gender ratio problem?
Biosocial Theories
Distinct portions of cell's DNA that carry coded instructions for making everything the body needs are known as
Genes
Which abnormal chromosomal structure is associated with the concept of the "supermale"?
XYY
A psychological principle that holds that the frequency of any behavior can be increased or decreased through reward, punishment, and association with other stimuli is
Conditioning
______ refers to the relatively stable characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that make a person unique, and that influence that person's behavior.
Personality
_____ is a theory of human behavior, based on Sigmund Freud, that sees personality as a complex composite of interacting mental entities.
Psychoanalysis
What is the central defining characteristic of a psychopath?
Lack of Empathy
Which of Eysenck's personality dimensions was most likely to be closely correlated with criminality?
Psychoticism
____ is a sociological approach that emphasizes demographics and geographics and explains criminality as a product of society's impact on the individual.
The Chicago School
____ refers to a condition that is said to exist when a group is faced with social change, uneven development of culture, maladaptiveness, disharmony, conflict, and lack of consensus.
Social Disorganization
Which of the Merton's categories would a law-abiding citizen most likely fall into?
Conformist
______ is the process in which a person openly rejects something he wants but cannot obtain.
Reaction Formation
_____ theories emphasize the role of learning in crime causation.
Social Process
_____ theory focuses on the strength of the bond people share with individuals and institutions around them.
Social Control
An offender neutralizes his guilt over the robbery of a convenience store by claiming that the victim routinely cheated customers and deserved to be targeted, is an example of which type of neutralization?
Denial of Victim
According to the Program of Research on the Causes and Correlates of Delinquency, very young subjects are most likely to be found on the _____ pathway to delinquency.
Authority Conflict
__________ criminology argues that the distribution of wealth and power in society is the primary cause of criminal behavior.
Radical
________ criminology suggests that social control agencies and citizens should work together to alleviate social problems and human suffering and thus reduce rime.
Peacemaking
Early feminist criminology argued that the differences in crime rates between men and women were due primarily to
Socialization
Which conflict theory is mainly deconstructionist?
Postmodern Criminology
(T/F) All deviant behavior is a violation of the criminal law.
False
(T/F) According to the Classical School, the two key factors of human behavior are right and wrong.
False
(T/F) According to routine activities theory, the presence of the capable guardian is a necessary element for crime to occur.
False
(T/F) Cesare Lombroso's theory of atavism implies that some people are born criminals.
True
(T/F) Endomorphs are most likely to engage in delinquent or criminal behavior.
False
(T/F) Increased levels of testosterone may be linked to increased aggressiveness in men.
True
(T/F) A psychopath is someone who is out of touch with reality in some fundamental way.
False
(T/F) Dangerousness is an ascribed quality.
True
(T/F) According to Merton, innovators are most likely to be criminals.
True
(T/F) Sociological theories that blame the social environment of crime argue that the way to prevent crime is through social action.
True
(T/F) Broken windows theory is a perspective on crime causation that holds that the physical deterioration of an area leads to higher crime rates and an increased concern for personal safety among residents.
True
(T/F) According to labeling theory, criminality is a quality that is inherent in an action or in a person.
False
(T/F) Labeling theory specifically attempts to explain the origin of crime and deviance.
False
(T/F) Adolescent-limited offenders continue to reoffend through life.
False
(T/F) The conflict perspective suggests that the fundamental nature of group conflict centers on the exercise of political power.
True
(T/F) Radical criminology argues that the creation of a capitalist society is the only solution to the problem of a crime.
False
(T/F) Modern radical criminologists focus on reducing social inequities and increasing fairness in the criminal justice system.
True
(T/F) Modern feminist criminology focuses on the link between victimization and criminality in woman offenders.
True
(T/F) Postmodern criminology is the newest perspective in criminology and was developed in the 21st century.
False
(T/F) Feminist criminology is considered to be a deconstructionist theory.
False