Characteristics of Police Work
(1) Quick decision making, (2) "invisible work" - police officers are largely unsupervised, (3) "dirty work" - police work can often be distasteful, (4) danger
Operational Styles: James Q. Wilson
based on the emphasis of the style and the type of community in which it is used; (1) legalistic style - emphasis on violation of law and the use of threats or actual arrests to solve disputes; often found in large metropolitan areas, (2) watchman style -
Operational Styles: John Broderick
classifies police officers by their degree of commitment to maintaining order and their respect for due process; (1) enforcers - emphasis on order with little respect for due process, (2) idealists - emphasis on both social order and due process, (3) opti
Operational Styles: William Muir
classification based on the way officers use their authority and power in street police work; (1) professionals - officers have necessary passion and perspective to be valuable, (2) enforcers - have passion for the job, enforcing the law, and taking decis
Operational Styles: Eugene Paoline
based on police officers' attitudes towards citizens, supervisors, procedural guidelines, tactics, and police functions; (1) traditionalists - distrustful of citizens and supervisors, favor aggressive patrol tactics and selective enforcement; endorse crim
Patrol Types
(1) Preventative patrol - patrolling the streets with little direction, (2) directed patrol - patrolling under guidance or orders on how to use patrol time, (3) aggressive patrol - practice of having an entire patrol section make numerous traffic stops an
Functions of Criminal Investigators
(1) Locate witnesses and suspects, (2) arrest criminals, (3) collect, preserve, and analyze evidence, (4) interview witnesses, (5) interrogate suspects, (6) write reports, (7) recover stolen property, (8) seize contraband, (9) prepare cases and testify in
Functions of DNA Profiling
(1) Linking or eliminating identified suspects to a crime, (2) identifying "cold hits", (3) clearing convicted rapists and murderers years after they began serving their sentence.
Types of Cybercrime
(1) Auction fraud, (2) child pornography, (3) credit card fraud, (4) debt elimination, (5) identity theft, internet extortion, (6) investment fraud, (7) lotteries, (8) phishing/spoofing, (9) Ponzi/pyramid, (10) reshipping, (11) spam
Functions of Traffic Units
(1) Educate motorists in a community about traffic safety and proper driving procedures, (2) enforce traffic laws, particularly when violations of those laws cause traffic accidents, (3) recommend traffic engineering changes that will enhance the flow of
Operational Strategies of Community Policing
(1) Community partnership - identifying concerns of local businesses, visit citizens in their homes to give security advice, help organize and support neighborhood watch groups and community meetings; (2) problem solving - develop solutions for identified
Bush's Terrorism Policy Principles
(1) Make no concessions to terrorists and strike no deals, (2) bring terrorists to justice for their crimes, (3) isolate and apply pressure on states that sponsor terrorism to force them to change their behavior, (4) bolster the counter-terrorist capabili
Functions of Police Departments
(1) patrol - officers respond to calls across their own beats and the entire city or county when no other cars are available; (2) investigation - officers engage in a lawful search for people and things to reconstruct the circumstances of an illegal act,
Community Policing Approach to Problem Solving (SARA)
(S)canning - identifying problems; (A)nalysis - understanding underlying conditions; (R)esponse - developing and implementing solutions; (A)ssessment - determining the solution's effect
Drug Enforcement Strategies of Local Police
(1) Street-level enforcement - surveillance, interruption of suspected transactions, raids, buy-and-bust operations; (2) mid-level investigations - covert officers gain the confidence of low level dealers and make their way up to the high level ones; (3)
Types of Domestic Terrorism
(1) right-wing terrorism - usually oppose the government in general, government regulation in particular; members are typically virulent racists who believe in racial supremacy and conspiracy theories; (2) left-wing terrorism - generally believe in revolu
Qualities of a Successful Police Officer: Robert B. Mills
(1) Motivation for a police career, (2) normal self-assertiveness, (3) emotional stability under stress, (4) sensitivity towards minority groups and social deviates, (5) collaborative leadership skills, (6) mature relationship with social authority, (7) f
Qualities of a Successful Police Officer: Berkeley, California Police Department
(1) Initiative, (2) ability to carry heavy responsibilities and handle emergencies alone, (3) social skills and ability to communicate effectively with persons of various cultural, economic, and ethnic backgrounds, (4) mental capacity to learn a wide vari
Qualities of a Successful Police Officer: Three I's of Police Selection
(1) Intelligence - officers must be able to complete rigorous training, (2) integrity - officers must be honest and able to resist the temptation of corruption in law enforcement, (3) interaction skills - officers must be able to effectively communicate w
Police Selection Process
(1) Recruitment - police work is represented in a positive way in order to encourage people to apply; (2) short application - brief form that registers the interest of the applicant and allows the agency to screen for basic requirements; (3) detailed appl
Justifications for Deadly Force
(1) the arrest is for a felony; (2) the person effecting the arrest in authorized to act as a peace officer or is assisting a person whom he believes to be a peace officer; (3) the officer believes that the force employed creates no substantial risk of in
Advantages of College-Educated Police
(1) Better written reports; (2) enhanced communication with public; (3) more effective job performance; (4) fewer citizen complaints; (5) wiser use of discretion; (6) heightened sensitivity to racial and ethnic issues; (7) fewer disciplinary actions.
Types of Police Misconduct
(1) Bribery�accepting cash or gifts in exchange for nonenforcement of the law; (2) chiseling�demanding discounts, free admission, or free food; (3) extortion�threat of enforcement and arrest if bribe is not given; (4) favoritism�giving breaks on enforceme
Conditions Leading to Job Stress
(1) Design of tasks�heavy lifting, long hours without breaks, and monotonous repetition of dangerous maneuvers; (2) management style�lack of participation by workers in decision making, poor communication, lack of family-friendly policies; (3) interperson
Types of Jurisdiction
(1) original--hear and decide cases; (2) appellate--review a case for errors of law; (3) general--hear any type of case; (4) special--hear only certain types of cases; (5) subject matter--hear a particular type of case; (6) personal--authority over the pa
Federal Court System
(1) District Courts--most violations of criminal and civil law are adjudicated here, presided over by district court judges and juries when requested; (2) Circuit Courts of Appeal--cases lost in the district courts may appeal here, jury trials are not all
State Court System
(1) Trial Courts of Limited Jurisdiction--typically deal with minor cases, ordinance and traffic violations, some misdemeanors, civil cases less than $1,000; (2) Trial Courts of General Jurisdiction--tries all civil and criminal cases and hears appeals fr
Purposes of Courts
(1) to do justice, (2) to appear to do justice, (3) to provide a forum where disputes between people can be resolved justly and peacefully, (4) to censure wrongdoing, (5) to incapacitate criminal offenders, (6) to punish offenders, (7) to rehabilitate off
Reasons Prosecutors Don't Charge
(1) belief that an offense did not cause sufficient harm; (2) relationship between the statutory punishment and the offender or offense; (3) improper motive on the part of the complainant; (4) public has violated the particular law with impunity for a lon
Stages of a Criminal Trial
(1) in jury trials, selection and swearing in of a jury; (2) opening statements by the prosecution and the defense; (3) presentation of the prosecution's case; (4) presentation of the defense's case; (5) rebuttals, cross-examination, and reexamination of
Three Types of Determinate Sentences
(1) flat-time sentencing�judges may choose between probation and imprisonment but have little discretion in setting the length of a sentence; (2) mandatory sentencing�a specified number of years of imprisonment is provided for particular crimes, generally
Five Rationales for Criminal Punishment
(1) retribution-repayment for an offense committed, (2) incapacitation-removal or restriction of the freedom of those found to have violated criminal laws, (3) deterrence-use of punishment to prevent future crime, (4) rehabilitation-attempt to correct beh
Bases for Appeal
Legal grounds�(1) defects in jury selection; (2) improper admission of evidence; (3) mistaken interpretation of the law
Constitutional grounds�(1) illegal search and seizure; (2) improper questioning by police; (3) identification of the defendant through