number of state, local, and federal public law enforcement agencies operate in the US
15700
level of government that most American law enforcement agencies are
local
statute that formalized the constable-watch system of protection
statute of Winchester
basic concepts of American law enforcement originated
England
first American city to create a paid and unified municipal police force
New York
response of early Americans to the formation of the first police departments
suspicious, little respect
earliest form of policing in the south
slave patrols
the first black police officers in the US
free men of color in New Orleans
federal law enforcement agency created to combat counterfeiting
the secret service
first federal law enforcement officers
US Marshalls
president most responsible for the FBI
Roosevelt
director of FBI for 48 years
Edgar Hoover
currently the top priority of the FBI
protect US against terrorist attacks
president that created drug enforcement administration
Nixon
US's forst drug czar
Harry J. Anslinger
examples of local police duties
law enforcement, order maintenance, service, information gathering
federal law enforcement agency with most employees in 2008
US customs and border protection
first woman elected sheriff in US
1992
percent of white male sworn officers in the nation's police departments
70
examples of state-level law enforcement officers
highway patrol and state police
current headquarters of the federal law enforcement training center
Glenn county
largest investigative arm of homeland security
US immigration and customs enforcement
responsible for investigating and persecuting acts of terrorism according the homeland security act
federal, state, local law enforcement with jurisdiction over acts in question
difference between proprietary and contact private security
contract aren't hired by the company/person; propriety is employed
factors that triggered growth of private security in US
declining revenues for public policing, private natures of crime, better control and attention, fewer constitutional limitations
roles played by police
public safety, broad discretion, solve socio/tech problems, serve in hostile environment
unquestionably the most time consuming and resource intensive task of policing
patrol
preventative control
no direction; observation to prevent crime
directed patrol
under guidance and orders
results of Flint, Michigan extensive neighborhood foot patrol experiment
decreased fear of crime, satisfaction with police service increase, moderate decrease in crime, decreased number of calls for police service
most widely used crime mapping application
resource-allocation
aggressive patrol
numerous traffic stops and field interrogations
reasons why police departments continue to employ detectives
interrogation and case presentation skills, technical knowledge
findings of 2-year congressionally mandated study of forensic science and crime lab system by the National Academy of Sciences
nation's forensic science system has serious deficiencies and needs reform
most complete DNA database in the US
combined DNA index system
agency with the largest IAFIS
FBI
ways law enforcement attempts to meet the challenge of cyber crime
cyber squads
drug enforcement strategy accountable for greatest number of drug arrests and seizures
street-level enforcement
community policing contribute to drug enforcement
increased support for drug enforcement by encouraging report and identification
civil asset forfeiture
seizure/forfeiture of drugs, equipment and vehicles used for drugs
criticisms of civil asset forfeiture
burden of proof on owner, high cost, owners unaware of drug crime, undermines integrity of the police
characteristics of community policing
community partnership, problem-solving, change management
percent of international terrorist incidents that occur annually in the US are directed at US interests
20-30
percent of people with great deal or quite a lot of confidence in the police
59
three I's of police selection
intelligence, integrity, interaction skills
minimum and maximum average base annual salaries for entry-level police officers in cities of all sizes
32900 and 41400
average level of education in policing today
2 years of college
percent of local police departments required new officers to have a 4-year college degree
1
percent of police academy recruits that fail to complete the program
10
difference between selective enforcement and full enforcement
full arrests all violations and selective uses discretion for arrests
factors that influence police patrol officers' exercise of discretion
nature of the crime, department of police policies, relationship, evidence...
type of complaint a patrol officer is more likely to use formal procedures to report and investigate crime for
affluent crimes
police officers handle lesser felonies, misdemeanors, and petty offenses with
verbal/written warnings, citations, arrest
police treat domestic calls by
mediate dispute, separate domestic partners, arrest perpetrator
incidence of suicide by cop
36
excessive force
measure of coercion beyond that necessary to control participants in conflict
Supreme Court decision that restricted the police use of deadly force
Tennessee v. Garner
police brutality
excessive use of force by police officer
difference between grass eaters and meat eaters
grass eaters only occasionally engage in illegal or unethical activities; meat eaters are actively engaged
en banc hearing
all judges in circuit court sit together and hear a controversial case
first specialty courts
drug courts
community's chief law enforcement official
prosecutor
determines number of chief prosecutors
state law
funding for prosecutor's offices
county governments
rules of discovery
rules that mandate that a prosecutor provide defense counsel with any exculpatory evidence in prosecutor's possession
percent of women lawyers
31
time public defenders spend with clients
5-10 minutes
judges are selected by
election and merit selection
presentence investigation report preparer
probation officer
the conceptual heart of judicial administration
caseflow management
initial appearance
accused given formal notice of charges and advised of constitutional rights
hung jury
jury cannot decide on verdict
claims of a convict at allocation
deny/explain information and plead pardon
indeterminate sentencing
fixed minimum and maximum term, but not a set period of time
criticisms of determinate sentencing
longer sentences, overcrowded prisons, harsh prison systems
presumptive sentencing
allows judge to retain discretion. legislature determines sentence range for crimes
truth-in-sentencing laws
laws that curb/ abolish parole
oldest justification for punishment
retribution
restoration
to make the victim whole again
source of funding for federal government's Crime Victims Fund
fines paid, forfeited bonds, penalties paid by offenders
problems with restitution
no set amounts for pain and suffering
percent of state trial court decisions affirmed on appeal
80
percent of Americans that favored the death penalty for those convicted of first-degree murder
65
percent that favor death penalty with alternatives such as LWOP provided
below 50
percent Americans believed innocent person has been executed in the last 5 years
59