Criminal Justice EX.2

number of state, local, and federal public law enforcement agencies operate in the US

15700

level of government that most American law enforcement agencies are

local

statute that formalized the constable-watch system of protection

statute of Winchester

basic concepts of American law enforcement originated

England

first American city to create a paid and unified municipal police force

New York

response of early Americans to the formation of the first police departments

suspicious, little respect

earliest form of policing in the south

slave patrols

the first black police officers in the US

free men of color in New Orleans

federal law enforcement agency created to combat counterfeiting

the secret service

first federal law enforcement officers

US Marshalls

president most responsible for the FBI

Roosevelt

director of FBI for 48 years

Edgar Hoover

currently the top priority of the FBI

protect US against terrorist attacks

president that created drug enforcement administration

Nixon

US's forst drug czar

Harry J. Anslinger

examples of local police duties

law enforcement, order maintenance, service, information gathering

federal law enforcement agency with most employees in 2008

US customs and border protection

first woman elected sheriff in US

1992

percent of white male sworn officers in the nation's police departments

70

examples of state-level law enforcement officers

highway patrol and state police

current headquarters of the federal law enforcement training center

Glenn county

largest investigative arm of homeland security

US immigration and customs enforcement

responsible for investigating and persecuting acts of terrorism according the homeland security act

federal, state, local law enforcement with jurisdiction over acts in question

difference between proprietary and contact private security

contract aren't hired by the company/person; propriety is employed

factors that triggered growth of private security in US

declining revenues for public policing, private natures of crime, better control and attention, fewer constitutional limitations

roles played by police

public safety, broad discretion, solve socio/tech problems, serve in hostile environment

unquestionably the most time consuming and resource intensive task of policing

patrol

preventative control

no direction; observation to prevent crime

directed patrol

under guidance and orders

results of Flint, Michigan extensive neighborhood foot patrol experiment

decreased fear of crime, satisfaction with police service increase, moderate decrease in crime, decreased number of calls for police service

most widely used crime mapping application

resource-allocation

aggressive patrol

numerous traffic stops and field interrogations

reasons why police departments continue to employ detectives

interrogation and case presentation skills, technical knowledge

findings of 2-year congressionally mandated study of forensic science and crime lab system by the National Academy of Sciences

nation's forensic science system has serious deficiencies and needs reform

most complete DNA database in the US

combined DNA index system

agency with the largest IAFIS

FBI

ways law enforcement attempts to meet the challenge of cyber crime

cyber squads

drug enforcement strategy accountable for greatest number of drug arrests and seizures

street-level enforcement

community policing contribute to drug enforcement

increased support for drug enforcement by encouraging report and identification

civil asset forfeiture

seizure/forfeiture of drugs, equipment and vehicles used for drugs

criticisms of civil asset forfeiture

burden of proof on owner, high cost, owners unaware of drug crime, undermines integrity of the police

characteristics of community policing

community partnership, problem-solving, change management

percent of international terrorist incidents that occur annually in the US are directed at US interests

20-30

percent of people with great deal or quite a lot of confidence in the police

59

three I's of police selection

intelligence, integrity, interaction skills

minimum and maximum average base annual salaries for entry-level police officers in cities of all sizes

32900 and 41400

average level of education in policing today

2 years of college

percent of local police departments required new officers to have a 4-year college degree

1

percent of police academy recruits that fail to complete the program

10

difference between selective enforcement and full enforcement

full arrests all violations and selective uses discretion for arrests

factors that influence police patrol officers' exercise of discretion

nature of the crime, department of police policies, relationship, evidence...

type of complaint a patrol officer is more likely to use formal procedures to report and investigate crime for

affluent crimes

police officers handle lesser felonies, misdemeanors, and petty offenses with

verbal/written warnings, citations, arrest

police treat domestic calls by

mediate dispute, separate domestic partners, arrest perpetrator

incidence of suicide by cop

36

excessive force

measure of coercion beyond that necessary to control participants in conflict

Supreme Court decision that restricted the police use of deadly force

Tennessee v. Garner

police brutality

excessive use of force by police officer

difference between grass eaters and meat eaters

grass eaters only occasionally engage in illegal or unethical activities; meat eaters are actively engaged

en banc hearing

all judges in circuit court sit together and hear a controversial case

first specialty courts

drug courts

community's chief law enforcement official

prosecutor

determines number of chief prosecutors

state law

funding for prosecutor's offices

county governments

rules of discovery

rules that mandate that a prosecutor provide defense counsel with any exculpatory evidence in prosecutor's possession

percent of women lawyers

31

time public defenders spend with clients

5-10 minutes

judges are selected by

election and merit selection

presentence investigation report preparer

probation officer

the conceptual heart of judicial administration

caseflow management

initial appearance

accused given formal notice of charges and advised of constitutional rights

hung jury

jury cannot decide on verdict

claims of a convict at allocation

deny/explain information and plead pardon

indeterminate sentencing

fixed minimum and maximum term, but not a set period of time

criticisms of determinate sentencing

longer sentences, overcrowded prisons, harsh prison systems

presumptive sentencing

allows judge to retain discretion. legislature determines sentence range for crimes

truth-in-sentencing laws

laws that curb/ abolish parole

oldest justification for punishment

retribution

restoration

to make the victim whole again

source of funding for federal government's Crime Victims Fund

fines paid, forfeited bonds, penalties paid by offenders

problems with restitution

no set amounts for pain and suffering

percent of state trial court decisions affirmed on appeal

80

percent of Americans that favored the death penalty for those convicted of first-degree murder

65

percent that favor death penalty with alternatives such as LWOP provided

below 50

percent Americans believed innocent person has been executed in the last 5 years

59