roles of sodium
muscle contractions; transmission of nerve impulses
causes of hyponatremia
#NAME?
musculoskeletal symptoms of hyponatremia
muscle weakness, fatigue
GI symptoms of hyponatremia
N/V, cramping, diarrhea
CNS symptoms of hyponatremia
#NAME?
hyponatremia tx
-salt (PO)
-hypertonic solution (3%)
-free water restriction
causes of hypernatremia
#NAME?
musculoskeletal symptoms of hypernatremia
muscle twitching
GI symptoms of hypernatremia
thirst, abd cramping, nausea
CNS symptoms of hypernatremia
#NAME?
hypernatremia tx
#NAME?
SIADH
too much AHD
DI
too little ADH
roles of K+
maintains the resting membrane potential of cardiac, smooth, and skeletal muscle
causes of hypokalemia
#NAME?
musculoskeletal symptoms of hypokalemia
#NAME?
GI symptoms of hypokalemia
decreased bowel motility & constipation
cardiac symptoms of hypokalemia
dysrythmias, ECG changes (depressed T waves, ST depression)
foods high in k+
spinach, avocados, dried fruits, cantaloupe, potatoes, bananas
describe IV potassium
VESICANT
-burns, can cause tissue damage
-assess for phlebitis, change IV site if difficulty maintaining flow rate
-give SLOWLY (10 mEq/hr
describe PO potassium
safest, cheapest
-will upset stomach
causes of hyperkalemia
#NAME?
GI symptoms of hyperkalemia
abdominal cramps, diarrhea
cardiac symptoms of hyperkalemia
cardiac dysrhythmias- ventricular fibrillation, cardiac arrest
hyperkalemia tx
Kayexalate, spironolactone, dialysis
why is calcium unique?
gatekeeper!
-in charge of depolarization
causes of hypocalcemia
endocrine disorders, surgery, vit d deficiency
neuromusculoskeletal symptoms of hypocalcemia
-paresthesias
-tetany
-muscle cramping
-positive Chvostek's & Trousseau's
-hyperactive deep tendon reflexes
GI symptoms of hypocalcemia
diarrhea
causes of hypercalcemia
#NAME?
neuromuscular symptoms of hypercalcemia
#NAME?
renal symptoms of hypercalcemia
stones