Innate (nonspecific) immunity
general defense against any pathogen inherited genetic component
i.e.
barriers/skin, physiological: pH, temp, phagocytes- neutrophils, inflammation
(quick) 0-12 hrs
Adaptive (specific) immunity
ability of the body to defend itself against SPECIFIC invading agents
takes time - 1-5 days
antigen
foreign substance in the body (ex: bacterium, virus) that has the possibility to cause disease
pathogen
An organism that causes disease
antibody
A protein that acts against a specific antigen
What are the four types of immunity?
Natural active, Natural passive, Artificial passive & Artificial Active
natural passive immunity
acquired by a child through colostrum. contains many antibodies that wear off over time
natural active immunity
production of one's own antibodies or T cells as a result of infection or natural exposure to antigen
artificial passive immunity
immunity which results from the administration of antibodies from another animal against a dangerous pathogen
-immune globulin- ex: after exposure to rabies given rabies immune globulin
-short acting-
artificial active immunity
vaccination
vaccination
injection of a weakened or mild form of a pathogen to produce immunity
Colostral antibodies
baby gets 95% antibodies from mom. short lived. triggers immunity process.
Types of vaccines
modified live, inactivated, toxoid, antitoxin, recombinant (genes), killed whole cell
Ingestion of colostrum provides:
-natural passive, natural active, artificial passive or artificial active?
Natural passive
Survival of exposure to a pathogen provides:
-natural passive, natural active, artificial passive or artificial active?
Natural active
Vaccination provides:
-natural passive, natural active, artificial passive or artificial active?
Artificial active
Administration of tetanus antitoxin provides:
-natural passive, natural active, artificial passive or artificial active?
Artificial passive
toxoid vs. antitoxin
toxoid is artificial active immunity (vaccines) while antitoxin is artificial passive immunity (from another animal)
Adjavent
a substance added to vaccines that trigger immune response
Natural vaccine associated sarcoma task force:
as a result of fibrosarcomas happening in withers, changed locations of vaccines
IM & SQ can cause _______________
fibrosarcomas (usually in withers in cats)
Where do you give the RABIES vaccine?
Distal RIGHT REAR limb
Where do you give Leukemia vaccine?
Distal LEFT REAR limb
Where do you give FVRCP vaccine?
Distal RIGHT FRONT limb
Where do you give all other vaccines (besides FVRCP, Leukemia, Rabies)
Distal LEFT FRONT limb
What layer of the skin do we give all vaccines?
SQ (subcutaneously)
AAHA
American Animal Hospital Association
created standards of vet excellence
What should you do in a physical exam?
1) Complete History
-signalment
-chief complaint
-clinical signs
2) Physical Exam
-observe
-TPR
-weight
-CRT
-physical inspec.
1 kg = ? lbs
2.2 lbs
-so if a dog comes in and weighs 50 kg, he weighs approx. 100 lbs)
Normal temp range for dog
100.2- 102.4 degrees F
What is normal pulse range for dog
60-160 / min
What is normal respiratory range for dog?
16-32 / min
What are some abnormalities you might find in puppy exams?
cleft palate, cryptorchidism, hernias, cardiac abnormalities, open fontanels, stenotic nares, patellar luxation
cleft palate puppy
cryptorchidism
undescended testicles
hernias dog
umbilical & inguinal
what are some cardiac abnormalities found in puppies?
PDA & pulmonary stenosis
What to do on the first puppy visit?
-PE & history
-fecal exam
-puppy shots
-fecal float
-deworm med-prophylacticly
-client education
Core vaccines
given to every animal regardless of location or husbandry
Noncore vaccines
may depend on location & husbandry
DA2PP
D= distemper
A2= canine denovirus type 2 (bronchitis) & adenovirus type 1 (hepatitis)
P= parainfluenza
P= parvo virus
DA2PP-L
DA2PP-C
Leptospirosis - L
Coronavirus - C
Core vs noncore
Core K9: DHPP & rabies
any other is noncore
Canine Distemper (D in Dhpp/DA2PP)
incurable, highly contagious, multisystemic (gastro, resp, CNS) often fatal.
VIRUS- so it is noncurable
Initial symptom: FEVER 103-106 F
-eye/nose discharge
-depression/anorexia
-D&V
-pneumonia
-hyperkeratosis "hardpad disease
K9 Adenovirus TYPE 2 (CAV-2) (A in DA2PP)
-possible cause of infectious tracheobronchitis (kennel cough)
-can get if contact w. other dogs 2-10 days
-dry hacking cough
-rare, but can be fatal
-nose discharge
K9 Adenovirus TYPE 1 (infectious K9 hepatitis) (A in DA2PP)
-effects liver & other organs
-spread through body fluids
-coughing & sometimes pneumonia
-bluish tint in eyes/intestines
-can get jaundice
K9 Parainfluenza (P in DA2PP/DHPP)
-viral
-one of causes of kennel cough
-usually treat @ home b/c contagious
-rarely fatal but can be
K9 Parvovirus (P in DA2PP/DHPP)
-highly transmitted
-mutation of feline distemp.
-gastro disease transmitt. through fecal
-isolation necessary
-stays in enviro for long time
-depression, lack of app., severe V&D
Rabies
single dose not earlier than 12 wks of age.
signs: depression/behavioral changes/restlessness, neurological abnorm., coma, inability to swallow, seizures
What are some common noncore vaccines?
leptospirosis, coronavirus, kennel cough, canine influenza virus, lyme
Leptospirosis
-sometimes included in DHPP - L
-very contagious, by urine
-effects liver/kidneys
-zoonotic
- vomiting, jaundice, fever, convulsions
-increased chance of vacc reaction
Coronavirus
-can be included in DHPP - Cv
-vacc hasn't been shown to reduce disease
-intest. tract & diarrhea
Kennel cough vaccine (infectious tracheobronchitis)
-bordetella bronchiseptica
-most comm vacc is parainfluenza/bordetella
-6-12 mo. immunity so need boosters
-intranasal, intraoral
Infectious Tracheobronchitis
kennel cough
Canine influenza virus vaccine (CIV)
-H3N8 & H3N2 strains
-not widespread everywhere
-relatively new
Lyme disease vaccine
Given in high outdoor exposure canines only. -4 vacc types
-blood tests to confirm
noncore but highly recommended
OHE
ovariohysterectomy (spay)
Puppy vaccine schedule
6-8 wks, 9-11, 12-15, 60-20, 20