Oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported between the cells of the body and the respiratory system by the _________.
circulatory system
The smallest branches of the repiratory system tubes terminate in clusters of microscopic air sacs called _____________.
alveoli
Gas exchange takes place between the blood and the atmosphere in structures called ____________.
alveoli
Blood enters the lung from the heart through a major artery known as the ____________.
pulmonary artery
The mouth and nasal cavities meet in a region known as the ____________.
pharynx
The nasal cavities open to the external environment at the nostrils, also called the _________________.
external nares
Passageways in the nasal cavity are separated from one another by bony extensions of the nasal septum known as the _____________.
nasal conchae
Many bones of the skull contain openings from the nasal cavities referred to as ________________.
sinuses
At the roof of the nasal cavities the sense of smell is associated with an area called the ________________.
olfactory region
Three functions of the nose include moistening the air, filtering the air, and ___________________.
warming the air
Allergic reactions occurring within the nasal chambers are given the general name ___________________.
allergic rhinitis
Another name for the pharynx is the ______________.
throat
The digestive and respiratory passageways meet one another at a region of the pharynx referred to as the ________________.
oropharynx
The lateral walls of the nasopharynx contain openings of tubes from the middle ear known as ____________.
Auditory tubes
The mass of lymphatic tissue on the medial posterior wall of the nasopharynx is the _________________.
pharyngeal tonsils
The largest cartilage of the larynx, also known as the Adam's apple, is the ______________.
thyroid cartilage
The cartilage of the larynx that resembles a signet ring and connects the trachea and larynx is the _____________.
cricoid cartilage
The opening to the larynx is referred to as the __________.
glottis
Vibrations of the vocal chords are due to air exhaled from the _________________.
lungs
Because men have longer vocal chords, their voices have lower ____________.
pitch
The trachea is supported by a series of C-shaped rings of ________________.
cartilage
The two primary tubes that branch from the trachea are the _______________.
bronchi
There is no cartilage in the tubes when the bronchi become ________________.
bronchioles
Bronchioles are composed entirely of muscle referred to as ________________.
smooth muscle
The common name for inflammation of the bronchial tree is ______________.
bronchitis
The lungs occupy most of the space of the ___________
thoracic cavity
The number of alveoli in the average adult numbers approximately ____________.
300 million
The left lung is subdivided into two lobes, while the right lung is subdivided into __________.
three lobes
The two-layer membrane surrounding each lung is the _______________.
pleura
The outer layer of pleura lining the inner surface of the thoracic cavity is the __________________.
parietal pleura
The underlying principle of breathing is that air flows from the region of high pressure to a region of ____________.
low pressure
Pressure changes occurring in the lungs can be traced to the activity of skeletal muscles known as __________.
respiratory muscles
During inspiration, the ribs are raised upward and outward by a set of repiratory muscles called _____________.
external intercostal muscles
During inspiration, contractions cause the downward movement of a dome-shaped muscle known as the _____________.
diaphragm
The relaxation of repiratory muscles compresses the thorax and increases the air pressure in the ___________.
lungs
While inspiration is an active process, the process of expiration is a(n) __________.
passive process
The amount of air that enters and leaves the lungs in a normal breath under resting conditions is the _________.
resting tidal volume
The volume of air that can be forced out of the lungs after a forced inspiration is the _______________.
vital capacity
Breathing is controlled by an area of the brain called the repiratory control center, which includes part of the medulla oblongata and the ______________.
pons
The repiratory centers in the brain are regulated indirectly by the bloodstream's level of __________________.
carbon dioxide
The rate of breathing is controlled by an area of the brain known as the ______________.
pneumotaxic area
The respiratory center is activated by the cerebrospinal fluid level of ______________.
hydrogen ions
While the contraction of skeletal muscles is usually voluntary, the control of breathing is usually _______________.
involuntary
The great majority of oxygen is carried in the body in association with __________.
hemoglobin molecules
Approximately 70-75 percent of carbon dioxide is transported in the blood in the form of _________.
bicarbonate ions/sodium bicarbonate
Aproximately 25-30 percent of the carbon dioxide in the body is carried as ____________.
carboxyhemoglobin molecules
The driving force behind the exchange of gases in the alveoli is the process of __________________.
diffusion
While active transport is an active process for the movement of molecules, diffusion is a(n) _________.
passive process
During lung gas exchange, oxygen molecules move toward the ______________.
red blood cells
During lung gas exchange, carbon dioxide molecules move toward the ___________.
alveolar sac
The nasal cavities and mouth meet at a region of the body called the:
A) nasal conchae
B) sinuses
C) pharynx
D) trachea
C) pharynx
All the following apply to the sinuses except:
A) they are bony extensions of the nasal cavity
B) they may be found in the frontal, maxillary, vomer, and parietal bones
C) their linings are continuous with linings of the nasal cavity
D) they are places wh
B) they may be found in the frontal, maxillary, vomer, and parietal bones
At the roof of the nasal cavities, receptors exist for the sense of:
A) hearing
B) smell
C) balance
D) touch and feel
B) smell
All the following are functions of the nose except:
A) it moistens the air
B) it serves as a site for warming the air
C) it is the place where air is filtered
D) it is the site of gas exchange
D) it is the site of gas exchange
The mucus secreted by the nasal mucosa:
A) traps microorganisms
B) dries the air
C) provides nutrients to the nasal cells
D) contains digestive enzymes
A) traps microorganisms
Such thins as pollen grains, mites, and feathers may be the cause of:
A) pneumonia
B) tonsillitis
C) allergic rhinitis
D) emphysema
C) allergic rhinitis
The digestive and repiratory passageways meet one another at the:
A) larynx
B) esophagus
C) oropharynx
D) nostrils
C) oropharynx
The function of the Eustachian tubes is to:
A) deliver nutrients to the middle ear
B) provid digestive enzymes for carbohydrates
C) deliver hormones to the mouth
D) equalize air pressure between the pharynx and middle ear
D) equalize air pressure between the pharynx and middle ear
The function served by tonsils is to:
A) produce important hormones for the body
B) synthesize red blood cells for the body
C) induce immunity to airborne infectious agents
D) synthesize blood clotting proteins
C) induce immunity to airborne infectious agents
The two tubes at the distal end of the pharynx are the:
A) Eustachian tube and nostril
B) larynx and esophagus
C) vena cava and aorta
D) small and large intestines
B) larynx and esophagus
The function of the cartilage rings in the trachea is to:
A) hold open the trachea
B) provide calcium to the bloodstream
C) trap foreign microorganisms in the respiratory tract
D) relay nerve impulses to the respiratory tract
A) hold open the trachea
The epiglottis has the function of:
A) supporting the trachea
B) sealing off the respiratory tract when food or drink passes into the esophagus
C) serving as a site for the movement of vocal chords
D) relay nerve impulses to the respiratory tract
B) sealing off the respiratory tract when food or drink passes into the esophagus
The trachea is supported and held open by rings of:
A) skeletal muscle
B) bone
C) epithelial tissue
D) cartilage
D) cartilage
The branches that emerge from the trachea and lead to the lungs are the:
A) alveolar tubes
B) bronchi
C) terminal bronchioles
D) alveolar ducts
B) bronchi
Spasms of the smooth muscles in the bronchial tree may be triggered by an allergy and may result in:
A) asthma
B) hay fever
C) skeletal muscle contraction
D) contractions of the cartilage rings
A) asthma
Which of the following applies to the right lung?
A) it is subdivided into two lobes
B) blood reaches it by the pulmonary vein
C) it is subdivided to three lobes
D) it has its own nerve supply
C) it is subdivided to three lobes
The two-layer membrane known as the pleura:
A) is found within the trachea
B) separates the left and right lungs
C) surrounds each lung
D) defines the limit of the alveolus
C) it is subdivided to three lobes
The pleural cavity is found:
A) between the visceral and parietal pleura
B) between the thoracic and abdominal cavities
C) between the dorsal and ventral cavities
D) surrounding the heart
A) between the visceral and parietal pleura
Contractions of the respiratory muscles result in a(n):
A) decrease in the volume of the thorax
B) increase in the volume of the thorax
C) increase in the amount of blood flowing through the lungs
D) decrease in the amount of blood flowing through the lun
B) increase in the volume of the thorax
The pressure changes occurring in the lungs during inspiration are due to all the following except:
A) the closed thoracic compartment enclosing the lungs
B) the elasticity of the lungs
C) the firm attachment of the pleural membranes
D) nerve impulses rea
D) nerve impulses reaching the lungs from the brain
There is voluntary control of:
A) blood flow to the lungs but not from the lungs
B) nerve impuses to the lungs
C) inspiration
D) lung contraction
C) inspiration
A normal inspiration of air brings into the lungs about:
A) 2500 mL of air
B) about 10,000 mL of air
C) about 500 mL of air
D) about 10 mL of air
C) about 500 mL of air
The vital capacity is the:
A) volume of air left in the lungs after forceful expiration
B) largest volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs
C) amount of air remaining in the lungs after expiration
D) amount of air entering the lung during a norma
A) volume of air left in the lungs after forceful expiration
All the following have an effect on the control of breathing except:
A) chemical receptors in the carotid arteries
B) the respiratory control center in the brain stem
C) the level of hydrogen ions in the cerebrospinal fluid
D) amount of blood flowing into
D) amount of blood flowing into the lungs
Carbon dioxide can be carried in the bloodstream by all the following methods except:
A) attached to hemoglobin molecules
B) as a dissolved gas in plasma
C) as bicarbonate ions
D) attached to hormone molecules in the blood
D) attached to hormone molecules in the blood
The alveoli are formed of delicate elastic membranes covered by an extensive capillary network of the "systemic" circulation.
False, pulmonary
The normal route by which air enters the respiratory system is the "mouth.
False, nose
Openings from the nasal cavities called "sinuses" extend into several bones of the skull.
True
The air is warmed, moistened, and filtered as it passes through the "mouth.
False, nose
The condition known as allergic rhinitis is often refered to as "asthma.
False, hay fever
The Eustachian tubes are used to equalize the air pressure between the nasopharynx and "inner ear.
False, middle ear
At its distal end, the pharynx branches into two tubes called the "esophagus" and the larynx.
True
The largest cartilage of the larynx is the "cricoid cartilage," also known as the Adam's apple.
False, thyroid cartilage
The vocal chords, which function in the production of sound, are located within the "trachea.
False, larynx
The trachea is held open by a series of C-shaped rings of "bone" stacked upon one another.
False, cartilage
The bronchioles are composed entirely of "skeletal" muscle supported by connective tissue.
False, smooth
The two-layer membrane that surrounds each lung is known as the "peritoneum.
False, pleura
The bronchus that is slightly larger and more vertical is the "left" bronchus.
False, right
Expansion of the lungs is due in part to contractions taking place in the "diaphragm" muscle.
True
The expansion of the lungs increases the volume of the lungs and "raises" the air pressure within the lungs.
False, lowers
During the process of expiration, the respiratory muscles undergo "contraction," and the thoracic returns to its original shape.
False, relaxation
The resting tidal volume of the lungs during a normal breath is about "500 mL" of air.
True
The "vital capacity" is the largest volume of air that can be expired from the lungs after a forceful inspiration.
True
The respiratory control center for the lungs is located in a portion of the "heart.
False, brain
An increase of carbon dioxide in the blood causes a corresponding "decrease" in the concentraion of hydrogen ions.
False, increase
Nerve impulses originating in the "cerebellum" can override the activity of the respiratory center in regulating breathing.
False, cerebral cortex
The "least" amount of carbon dioxide is transported in the blood as bicarbonate ions.
False, most
The passive process known as "osmosis" accounts for the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide gas across the capillary membranes of alveoli.
False, diffusion
For transport to the body's cells, oxygen molecules bind loosely to "hemoglobin" molecules contained in red blood cells.
True
As they leave the area of the alveoli, capillaries join together to form pulmonary "venules.
True
The respiratory membrane must be very ______ to allow rapid ______ of O2and CO2.
A) thin; diffusion
B) thick; osmosis
C) thick; diffusion
D) thin; osmosis
A) thin; diffusion
The superior, middle, and inferior nasal conchae serve to
A) increase the mucosal surface area and increase air turbulence in the nasal cavity.
B) produce mucus and prevent it from draining into the paranasal sinuses.
c) resonate speech and drain the para
A) increase the mucosal surface area and increase air turbulence in the nasal cavity.
Which of the following describes the pathway air follows to reach the alveoli during inspiration?
A) Pharynx -bronchi -larynx -bronchioles-trachea- alveoli.
B) Pharynx-larynx-trachea-bronchi-bronchioles-alveoli.
c) Bronchi-pharynx-bronchioles-trachea-lary
B) Pharynx-larynx-trachea-bronchi-bronchioles-alveoli.
1. A normal tidal volume is about ____ milliliters, and it represents ______.
A) 300; the amount of air remaining in the lungs after each breath
B) 150; the amount of air that remains in the air passageways
C) 500; the amount of air moved into and out of
C) 500; the amount of air moved into and out of the lungs with each breath
Most of the carbon dioxide (CO2) carried in the blood is carried:
A) as a dissolved gas in the water of the plasma.
B) as the bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) in plasma.
C) bound to hemoglobin in RBCs.
D) bound to ferritin proteins in plasma.
B) as the bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) in plasma.
Oxygen loading and carbon dioxide unloading between the pulmonary capillary blood and the air in the alveoli is called:
A) breathing.
B) expiration.
C) internal respiration.
D) external respiration.
D) external respiration
The amount of air that enters and leaves the lungs through normal quiet breathing is known as the:
A) expiratory reserve volume.
B) inspiratory reserve volume.
c) tidal volume.
D) residual volume.
c) tidal volume.
Over 90% of lung cancers are associated with:
A) smog.
B) asbestos.
C) sawdust.
D) smoking cigarettes.
D) smoking cigarettes
The acronym COPD is the abbreviation for:
A) Colloid Osmotic Pressure Disorder.
B) Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.
C) Cancerous Oncologic Plural Disease.
D) Cystic Occlusion Pneumatic Disorder
B) Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.
Surfactant is a ________ that acts to ________ the surface tension of water with the ________.
A) carbohydrate; lower; trachea
B) protein; raise; trachea
C) lipid; lower; alveoli
D) nucleic acid; raise; alveoli
C) lipid; lower; alveoli
The most common lethal genetic disease in the United States is:
A) cystic fibrosis.
B) asthma.
C) Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS).
D)squamous cell carcinoma.
B) asthma
Air in the conducting zone airways that does not contribute to gas exchange between the alveoli and the blood is called _________.
A) alveolar air
B) dead space volume
C) expiratory reserve volume
D) residual volume
E) tidal volume
B) dead space volume
Air in the larynx on its way to the lungs would enter which of the following next?
A) Bronchiole.
B) Esophagus.
C) Pharynx.
D) Primary bronchus.
E) Trachea.
E) Trachea
Air must pass through this slit-like opening between the vocal cords in the larynx to enter the trachea.
A) Alveolus.
B) Concha.
C) Glottis.
D) Palate.
E) Sinus.
C) Glottis
Each of the following is directly connected to the pharynx EXCEPT the __________.
A) auditory tubes
B) larynx
C) nasal cavity
D) oral cavity
E) trachea
E) trachea
How is the bulk of the carbon dioxide transported in the blood?
A) Dissolved in the plasma.
B) As the bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) in plasma.
C) Combined with hemoglobin.
D) As carbon monoxide (CO) in the plasma.
E) Inside red blood cells.
B) As the bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) in plasma.
In addition to the respiratory system, what other system shares the responsibility of supplying cells of the body with oxygen and disposing of carbon dioxide?
A) Cardiovascular system.
B) Digestive system.
C) Lymphatic system.
D Urinary system.
E) Reprodu
A) Cardiovascular system
Respiratory distress syndrome in an infant is characterized by:
A) excessive production of mucus.
B) inadequate surfactant production.
C) chronic inflammation.
D) an expanded barrel chest.
E) loss of elasticity by the lungs.
B) inadequate surfactant production
The main stimulus for increasing the breathing rate and depth of the lungs involves:
A) a decrease in body temperature.
B) a decrease in the level of oxygen in the blood.
C) an increase in blood pH.
D) an increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the blo
D) an increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the blood
Which of the following statements regarding expiration is FALSE?
A) The normal pressure within the pleural space (intrapleural pressure) is always negative.
B) Expiration in healthy people is a largely active process, which relies on muscle contraction of
B) Expiration in healthy people is a largely active process, which relies on muscle contraction of the internal intercostals muscles.
The partition that separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity below is called the:
A) concha.
B) epiglottis.
C) nasal septum.
D) palate.
E) thyroid cartilage.
D) palate
What is the maximum volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs called?
A) Expiratory reserve volume.
B) Inspiratory reserve volume.
C) Residual volume.
D) Tidal volume.
E) Vital capacity.
E) Vital capacity
What is the term for difficult or labored breathing?
A) Apnea.
B) Cyanosis.
C) Dyspnea.
D) Eupnea.
E) Hypoxia.
C) Dyspnea
What muscular passageway serves as a common passageway for food and air?
A) Esophagus.
B) Glottis.
C) Larynx.
D) Pharynx.
E) Trachea.
D) Pharynx
Name the brain center, which sets the basic rhythm of inspiration and expiration.
A) Cerebrum.
B) Cerebellum.
C) Corpus callosum.
D) Medulla.
E) Pons.
D) Medulla
Which of the following is NOT a protective mechanism of the respiratory system?
A) Coughing.
B) Cilia mucus sweeping.
C) "Dust cells."
D) Gastric juice.
E) Sneezing.
D) Gastric juice
Which of the following is NOT involved in conducting air to the lungs?
A) Bronchus.
B)Esophagus.
C)Larynx.
D)Pharynx.
E)Trachea
B)Esophagus
Which of the following is NOT true about the lungs?
A)They contain elastic connective tissue in their walls.
B) THey receive air by way of primary bronchi.
C)They are divided into lobes.
D)They are located in the mediastinum.
E)They are covered by viscera
D)They are located in the mediastinum
Which of the following is NOT true during inspiration?
A) Intrapulmonary volume increases.
B) The diaphragm contracts, moves inferiorly and flattens out.
C) Intrapulmonary air pressure decreases.
D) The external intercostal muscles contract, lifting the r
E) Intrapleural pressure becomes equal to atmospheric air pressure
Which of the following respiratory system disorders or defects is INCORRECTLY paired with its brief description?
A) cystic fibrosis - oversecretion of mucus
B) asthma - hypersensitivity to an irritant
C) cleft palate - bones forming the hard palate fail t
E) sudden infant death syndrome - inadequate production of surfactant
Which of the following would increase the pH of blood leading to alkalosis?
A) Holding your breath.
B) Rebreathing air in a brown paper bag.
C) Exercising.
D) Hyperventilating.
E) Falling asleep.
D) Hyperventilating