Which of the following is the most accurate statement of public health?
Vulnerable populations and the mutual concerns of the entire population are the focus of public health.
Which public health strategy for reducing risk factors related to disease best explains the following example: High blood pressure is reduced by adding a new salt substitute to a range of foods?
Improving the average risk
Which public health strategy for reducing risk factors related to disease best explains the following example: higher smoke stacks are used to more widely disperse air pollution from a factory?
narrowing the spread of risk
Which public health strategy for reducing risk factors related to ideas best explains the following example: Those with blood sugar levels that satisfy the criteria for diabetes are aggressively treated?
reducing the high risk
Which determinant is best associated with the following: The highest risk of HIV transmission through the sexual route is through anal intercourse?
behavior
Which of the following is the most accurate statement about the determinants of health?
determinants of health reflect underlying forces that are at work in the subsequent development of disease
which of the following is not true of the history of public health?
public health as a defined field dates back to the renaissance
which determinant is best associated with the following: The risk of HIV transmission is increased in locations where the chance that an individual is HIV positive is higher than in suburban and rural areas?
geography
Indicate how the following evidence should be graded: Well-conducted, randomized controlled trials and over a decade of use in clinical practice indicate that a large proportion of breast cancer can be cured among women with early breast cancer if the tre
Grade A
The statement "The Back-to-Sleep campaign directed information at parents and caregivers with the involvement of clinicians, crib manufacturers, and the media. The mortality from SIDS fell by approximately 50% within several years of the beginning of the
Implementation and evaluation
Which of the following roles does a natural experiment primarily play in establishing contributory cause?
altering the cause alters the effect
Which of the following ancillary or supportive criteria is addressed in this statement: The mechanism that predisposes some infants to SIDS is unknown, but active research is beginning to identify predisposing factors related to brain development?
biological plausibility
The statement "Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is the most common cause of death between age 1 month and 1 year. Twenty years ago, it resulted in over 5,000 deaths per year" is best described as which component of the evidence-based public health appr
problem description
Indicate how the following evidence should be graded: On the basis of good evidence, it is concluded that a new treatment cures approximately the same percentage of patients as the standard treatment but has a substantial increase in side effects.
Grade B or D???
The statement "The guidance for having infants sleep on their backs to reduce the incidence of SIDS has a grade of A" is best described as which component of the evidence-based public health approach?
recommendations
An association between populations that eat more fish and a lower mortality rate from coronary heart disease in the same population would establish which of the following?
a group association that may be helpful in generating a hypothesis about the relationship between fish consumption and coronary heart disease
The statement "Case-control studies were important in establishing a cause and effect relationship between having infants sleep prone and sudden infant death syndrome" is best described as which component of the evidence-based public health approach?
etiology
Which of the following ancillary or supportive criteria is addressed in this statement: The relative risk or odds ratio for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and infants who sleep prone is approximately 6?
strength of the association
indicate how the following evidence should be graded: Expert opinion suggests a large impact of a new intervention to cure breast cancer.
grade I
If vaccination for meningococcal meningitis is required of all entering college students, this would be an example of which type of intervention?
primary intervention -- obligation
Data collected on which of the following are considered vital statistics?
- births
- deaths
- fetal deaths after 20 weeks gestation
A clinician recommending surgery and discussing with the patient the steps that will occur as well as the potential harms and benefits, then asking the patient to sign permission to perform surgery, is an example of which of the following decision-making
informed decision making -- informed consent
A clinician drawing blood to determine whether or not a patient has diabetes, but deciding not to worry the patient with the results unless his or her blood sugar level is elevated, is an example of which of the following decision-making approaches?
inform of decision
Which of the following is an important feature of a high-quality website?
- the objectivity of the organization that produces the website
-recent updating of the website
-presence of the references for the data or conclusions presented on the website
-the availability of information on the source of funding for the website
Which of the following types of data is illustrated by this example: A sample of adolescents is questioned about their cigarette-smoking behavior?
survey data
Which of the following distinguishes DALYs from HALEs?
DALYs include disease-specific measurements of morbidity and mortality
Which of the following types of data is illustrated by this example: Mad cow disease is diagnosed in a cow and the entire herd is subsequently slaughtered?
single case or small number of cases
Which of the following types of data is illustrated by this example: Death certificates are used as the basis for measuring the number of deaths and the probability of death among infants?
statistics - vital statistics and reportable diseases
A clinician explaining the nature of the patient's illness, outlining the potential treatments, and explaining the positive and negative feature of each potential treatment, but not making a recommendation, is an example of which of the following decision
shared decision making
Which of the following is not included in the definition of socioeconomic status as used in the United States?
social class
Which of the following influences on health is the strongest in the following example: Those who have completed the fewest grades of formal education have an increased risk of developing tuberculosis?
socioeconomic
In West Virginia, residents reported an average of 10 unhealthy days in the past 30 days. In North Dakota, residents reported an average of 4 unhealthy days in that same period. Which of the following statements is most likely to be true?
The Gini index in West Virginia is higher than the Gini index in North Dakota
Which of the following types of behaviors is typically easiest to change?
New behaviors that can be substituted with an alternative that satisfies short-term needs
_______________ is the stage of behavioral change where individual decides that he will start a diet right after the holidays and announces his plan to his family and friends.
preparation
Which of the following best describes the contributions of social sciences to public health?
Public health can be viewed as an application of many of the social sciences.
__________ is the stage of behavioral change where an individual realizes that she needs to lose weight to reduce her chances of developing diabetes, but she is not yet ready to start a diet.
contemplation
Which of the following is true of behavioral change?
- positive feedback is important for successful behavior change.
- peer and/or family support if helpful in achieving behavioral change
- population wide efforts are most effective when they complement other efforts aimed at individual behavioral change
When an individual has lost 15 pounds and participates in a regular exercise program to keep the weight off, he or she can be said to be in the ____________ stage of behavioral change.
maintenance
If the United States Supreme Court determines that there is a right to privacy, this would be an example of which type of law?
constitutional law
A local convenience store is fined on the basis of state law for selling cigarettes to minors. This is an example of which of the following principles of U.S. health law?
police power allows states to pass legislation and take actions to protect the common good.
All of the following protections are provided to research subjects, except:
the right to be informed of the treatment to which they have been assigned before beginning the treatment
If Congress authorizes funds for the states to build highways contingent on passage of state law raising the drinking age to 21, this would be an example of which type of law?
legislative statutes
If the Department of Health and Human Services writes a series of rules to implement a recently passed bill designed to ensure the safety of newly approved drugs, this would be an example of which type of law?
administrative regulations
Tobacco products are regulated on the basis that they are manufactured in one state and sold throughout the country. This is an example of which of the following principles of U.S. health law?
the Interstate Commerce Clause of the U.S. Constitution has been used as a basis for justifying federal action in the area of health
Which of the following is the most accurate statement about Health in All Policies?
Health in All Policies implies that the health consequences should be considered in the making of all public policies
If a state court rules that state law permits a resident physician to testify in a malpractice suit to provide information on the expectations of clinical practice in his future specialty, this would be an example of which type of law?
judicial law/case law
Which of the following is the most accurate statement about International Health Regulations?
the ability to declare a public health emergency of international concern is an important authority of the Director of the World Health Organization
Which of the following principles reflects the concept of market justice?
- individuals are primarily responsible for their own health
- health care is not a right
- health care is dos efficiently provided through the private sector
Which of the following best describes the mortality due to drug overdoses in the United States?
Deaths from drug overdoses exceed those from motor vehicle injuries.
Which of the following is the most accurate statement about depression?
over 10% of women experience postpartum depression and the incidence greatly increases for those with previous postpartum depression
Which of the following is the most accurate statement about opioids?
the widespread availability of rapidly acting prescription opioids has played a key role in the current opioid epidemic
Which of the ideal criteria for a successful screening program is satisfied by the following statement: Colon cancer is the second most common cause of death from cancer?
the disease produces substantial mortality or morbidity
Which of the following can always be considered cost-effective?
an intervention that reduces the cost while increasing the net-benefit (net-effectiveness)
Which of the ideal criteria for a successful screening program is satisfied by the following statement: Screening those older than 50 years using fecal occult blood testing every year and flexible sigmoidoscopy every 3-5 years have been shown to be effect
there is a feasible testing strategy
Which of the following is true of QALYs?
- a QALY may be interpreted as a year of life at full health compared to immediate death
- QALYs take into account the number of life-years saved
- in cost-effectiveness analysis, the cost of an additional QALY of less than $50,000 is often considered cos
Which of the following is true of tuberculosis (TB)?
- TB may remain contained in body for decades without causing disease.
- isolation has been used in the past as a major strategy got controlling the spread of TB
-people with AIDS are at increased risk of developing active TB
Which of the following diseases is the least likely to be eradicated?
influenza
All of the following are true of the control of rabies, except:
the vaccine for rabies has frequent and serious side effects and should only be used when rabies exposure has been definitely established
Which of the following ideal criteria for elimination of a disease is addressed by the following statement: Hepatitis B can survive for extended periods of time in contaminated needles?
short persistence in the environment
All of the following are true of influenza A, except:
vaccination requires use of an injection of an inactivated vaccine
Which of the following has been successfully used to control communicable diseases?
- case finding and contact tracing
- isolation
- epidemiological treatment or treatment based upon exposure
Which of the following ideal criteria for elimination of a disease is addressed by the following statement: Hepatitis B may establish a chronic infection that can lead to transmission of the disease even in the absence of symptoms?
absence of a long-term carrier state
Which of the following statements about Modern Koch's postulates is the most accurate?
Modern Koch's postulate have been established for the viral cause of HIV
The impact of chemical X is greatly increased when there is exposure to chemical Y at the same time. This information is an example of which of the following approaches to environmental problems?
interaction analysis
A chemical is absorbed through the digestive tract but not through the skin. This is an example of which of the following factors that affect the impact of an exposure?
route of exposure
Daily low-dose exposure may produce different impacts than short-term, high-dose exposure. This is an example of which of the following factors that affect the impact of an exposure?
timing of exposure
Mercury contamination of the Great Lakes represents which type of physical environment?
altered environment
All of the following are true of lead as an environmental hazard, except:
paint in homes is no longer a source of lead exposure because lead is no longer allowed in paint
Chemical X is released from a plastics factory into the municipal water system, where it enters a small river and is ingested by fish and reduces their reproduction rate. Which of the following approaches to environmental problems does this represent?
ecological assessment
Motor vehicle injuries occur as a result of which type of physical environment?
built environment
Volcanoes represent which type of physical environment?
unaltered or natural environment
Chemical X, which is used in the manufacturing of plastics, is found to double the frequency of asthma when inhaled for more than 2 hours a day at levels of more than 2 parts per million. This is an example of which of the following approaches to environm
risk assessment
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