The cultural pressure on women to devote more time, energy, and money to raising their children is called
intensive motherhood
The father as an emotional, nurturing companion who bonds with his children as well as providing for them is the
involved father ideal
When Ellen DeGeneres and Portia de Rossi were considering having a child, references to them "starting a family" indicated that
childless couples somehow add up to less than a family
On average, American families have how many children?
2
Although fewer parents are married now than in the past, why are many children involved with more than two parents?
A growing number of families include stepparents and siblings from parents' previous relationships
While biological parents are the adults whose bodies produce a child, adoptive parents are
parents to a child they did not produce biologically
The sociological definition of fertility focuses on
the number of children born in a society or among a particular group
If a country has a fertility rate of more than 2.1 or so, the population will usually
grow
41% percent of all children born in the United States are born to parents who aren't married, up to 28% in 1990. This trend is closely tied to
the decline of marriage
Why are first-generation Latino immigrants more likely to have children than families who immigrated in earlier generations?
Latin American culture places high value on having children
The price one pays for choosing the less lucrative available option is known as
opportunity cost
What is one reason women with lower education levels tend to have more children
childbearing threatens higher incomes and career status
Barbara is a 35 year old executive at a banking firm. What is the opportunity cost of her decision to have children?
she risks halting or losing her stature within the company or industry
What % of pregnancies are identified as "unintended"?
50%
The high frequency of unintended births, especially among women or couples with less education or fewer economic resources, partly results from
lack of access to good-quality medical care
The main reason adoption became less common after the 1960s is that
fewer babies were being relinquished by their birth parents
What is one reason contemporary mothers might be unlikely to give their children up for adoption?
the stigma associated with unmarried motherhood has decreased
Raising a child is often expected to
give emotional and symbolic rewards
Which group of women is most likely to have an abortion?
low-income women
Henry and Lauren have decided to call themselves "child-free" rather than "childless", indicating what?
some people have embraced the concept as a lifestyle lable
Many adults influence the life of a child. The adults who have the most direct influence are
those who live with them
When Jose was looking for a job, his father Jesus was able to get him an interview at a friend's company. Which category of skill or resource was Jesus providing to Jose?
social networks
Lucia was concerned about the well-being of her 11-year old, who seemed increasingly anxious. What is a child well-being expert likely to prescribe Lucia's daughter?
more play time
The greatest expenses in raising children tend to come from
child care and education
There is reason to suspect that parents' insecurity has increased in the last few decades for which of the following reasons?
because parents have fewer children, their investment in each one has grown
Jackson, age 10, just received his first cellular phone. What does this mean in relation to his parents?
his parents will be more likely to know what he is doing
In her book The Cultural Contradictions of Motherhood, sociologist Sharon Hays describes an ideology she calls intensive motherhood, which is
a cultural pressure on women to devote more time, energy, and money to raising their kids
From the 1960s to the 1990s�a period when women's employment rates grew rapidly�the time mothers spent with their children actually did increase. How was that possible?
mothers engaged in less of other things, like sleeping and leisure
Paul spends nearly every Saturday with his two children. This is very different from his parents, who rarely spent time with Paul and his four siblings. This shift reflects which goal of modern parents?
investing more in fewer children
In the 1980s, more than 80 percent of parents agreed that spanking was sometimes necessary. In 2012, what percentage agreed?
71
When it comes to children's success in three major dimensions�being happy and well adjusted, doing well in school, and staying out of serious trouble�which parental stance has proven beneficial?
supportiveness
What percentage of preschoolers with mothers who have less than a high school education are identified as obese?
23
Why might Jane, a new mother, not put her infant son on his back to sleep, despite abundant evidence that infants who do not sleep on their backs are at risk for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome?
Jane lacks the education
A very small fraction of children (less than 1 percent)
live in the care of same-sex couples
In part because of the legal, technological, or financial obstacles they must overcome to have children, same-sex couples have been shown to
be unusually committed to parenting
Until the 1960s, the male provider ideal was the dominant conception of what a father should be. The current dominant American ideal is the
involved father
A number of historical events undermined the dominance of the male provider ideal, such as the
increase in women's employment
Although Jeff has a high-paying job, he decided to take a lower-paying position so that he could spend more time with his kids, reflecting
the involved father figure
Americans believe which of the following, on average:
no adult can be happy without becoming a parent.
Research has found an association between parenthood and
depression
Conventional wisdom tells us the emotional rewards of having children are fewest during the ______ stage and greatest during the _____ stage.
full-nest phase; empty nest phase
An estimate of __% of children in the Unites States are currently being raised in households in which all of the adults work outside of the home. Parents working outside of the home and also raising children causes a lot of stress for the parents.
70
Empty-nest parents report similar levels of well-being as child-less adults their own age.
FALSE
Parent's social statuses, particularly their marital, employment, and social economic status do NOT influence the association between parenthood and mental health.
FALSE
The ____ century witnessed important changes in the timing of parenthood.
20th
What is the term that Arlie Hochschild coined when referring to the time that parents spend after their 9-5 job taking care of children at home.
second shift
Parents experience higher levels of emotional well-being than their childless peers.
FALSE
Most Americans raise their children in relative social isolation with little assistance from extended family members, friends, neighbors, and the larger community.
TRUE
What percent of the adult population has biological children?
80%
What was concluded from the National Survey of Families and Households study?
parenthood is the quintessential job that never ends
According to McLanahan and Adams, why was parenthood perceived as more stressful and closely associated with emotional distress in the 1970's than in the 1950's?
changes in employment and marital status
Family scientists Sarah Allen and Alan Hawkins studied the idea of maternal gate keeping in the late 1990s. They classified ___ % of dual-earner mothers as "gate closers".
21
Which strategy is NOT an example studied of a way a mother will encourage a father's involvement with their child/children?
complementing father's parenting
The extent to which mothers open or close the gate to the father's involvement with the child/children is related to:
how much fathers are involved in the day-to-day care of their children and how confident fathers appear when interacting with their children. It's also related to less tangible aspects of parenting, including how much influence fathers feel like they have in child-related decision-making.
What was the common activity used in this article to observe parents interacting together with their infant to observe a mother being a gate closer or gate opener?
change babies clothes together
According to the article, what is maternal gatekeeping?
the idea that mothers can exert control over fathers' involvement in child-rearing through their attitudes and behaviors.