Cancer
when the replication and growth of the individual cell goes out of control
second leading cause of death in the US
Types of tumors
Benign (tumor) & malignant (cancerous)
Primary cancers
found in part of body in which they originally formed
Metastatic cancer
cancer that has since spread from the primary, or original, part of the body
5 Major types of cancer
carcinomas -most common, epithelial cells that cover organs
melanomas - skin cancer
sarcomas - forms in bones & soft tissues such as muscle, fat, blood vessels, lymph vessels, tendons and ligaments
lymphomas - in cells of the lymph system
leukemia - cance
Health disparities in cancer
Men, socioeconomic status, access, social environment, exposure to carcinogens, race
Risk factors for cancer
age, environmental factors, immunosuppression, genes, obesity, nutrition and diet, lifestyle factors, environment
Differences between the stages of cancer
Stage 0: abnormal cells are present but not spread
Stage I-III: cancer is present and the higher number indicates a larger tumor and more spreading
Stage IV: cancer has spread to distant parts of the body
Sleep in infancy
Newborns sleep 16-20 hrs/day in short intervals
50% sleep through the night by 4 months
SIDS
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: an unforeseen death of a child from as young as 1 month to 1 year of age
Sleep in school-age children
total sleep time: 6-11 hours
sleep patterns become more stable
Effects due to lack of sleep
lacking concentration, memory problems, issues working on hobbies, difficulty driving and taking care of finances, impaired work performance
Mental health: age health disparity
Childhood: ADHD, separation anxiety, anxiety disorders
Adolescents: main developmental task is to search for more meaning and identity (anxiety, depression, suicidal thoughts, substance abuse)
College Students: 1 in 4 college students suffer from mental i
Mental health: Gender health disparity
Men and women experience at equal rates
Women: more likely to have depression, anxiety, PTSD, suicide attempts, and more likely to seek treatment
Men: more likely to have substance abuse disorders, 4x more likely to complete suicide, more likely to try se
Mental health: Race health disparity
multiracial adults are at the highest risk for mental illness
Most common mental health disorders in: Childhood
ADHD, separation anxiety disorder, other anxiety disorders
Most common mental health disorders in: Adolescents
anxiety, depression, suicidal thoughts, substance abuse, schizophrenia
Most common mental health disorders in: College Students
depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, PTSD, eating disorders, and schizophrenia
Most common mental health disorders in: Adulthood
anxiety, depression, and substance abuse
Most common mental health disorders in: Older Adulthood
suicide (most common age group to pursue suicide), depression, and dementia
The 'Continuum of Care' stages
Promotion: create positive environments
Prevention (universal (focus on given population)& selective (subsets of population)): reduce the risk
Treatment
Recovery: maintenance phase
Types of anxiety
specific phobia: irrational
social anxiety disorder
generalized anxiety disorder
panic disorder
separation anxiety disorder
Psychotherapy
pays attention to how thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are connected
interactive, times, goal-oriented sessions
can include: exposure therapy, mindfulness meditation
Psychopharmacology
using medicine to treat mental health issues, these can take a while to get into the persons system
can include: SSRI's (increase serotonin in the brain), benzodiazepines (increase GABA neurotransmitters)
Alternative therapy
used to supplement other treatments, exercise a common therapy for mental health disorders
yoga can help depression, anxiety PTSD, ADHD, etc. meditation/breathing, massage, acupuncture
Parts of the brain associated with mental health disorders
Limbic system
Amygdala
Hippocampus
Hypothalamus
Causes of depression
Biological: genetics
Psychological: core beliefs, early experience/trauma/treatment, attributions, cognitive distortion, stress
Social: refection, isolation, loss of support, relationship, loved one or parent behavior
Symptoms of depression
mood based, disrupted cognition, loss of interest, suicidal though, difficulty functioning
Impacts of depression
effects biological, psychological, and social aspects of life
Addiction definition
chronic, relapsing brain disease that is characterized by compulsive seeking and use, despite harmful consequences
Substance abuse disorder definition
cluster of cognitive, behavioral, physiological symptoms that indicate continued substance use despite consequences
Alcoholism
the inability to manage drinking habits, constant need for alcohol, can't go on normally without it
Opioid withdrawal
opioids are central nervous system depressants - they mimic bodies naturally occurring endorphins and produce the same pain relieving effects
Narcan (opioid reliever)
Cannabis use
#1 illicit substance in US
symptoms include: euphoria, distortions, psychomotor and cognitive impairment, elevated appetite, changes in motivation
Substance abuse and newborns
babies can be born addicted to drugs
neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS): occurs when the mother uses substances up to a week before giving birth
Impaired control
lacking total control of actions/bodily functions
7 Strategies for Change Model
-providing information
-enhancing skills
-providing support
-enhancing access and reducing barriers
-changing consequences
-changing physical design
-modifying and changing policies
Curable STI's
Syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, trichinosis
Incurable (viral) STI's
Hepatitis B, Herpes, HIV, HPV
Symptoms of Curable STI's
vaginal discharge, urethral discharge or burning, genital ulcers and abdominal pain
Symptoms of Incurable STI's
infections, difficulties during pregnancy, organ damage, cervical cancer, death
Health disparities related to sexual health
Gender, age, race/ethnicity
3 Key Reproductive Health Indicators
1. adolescent birth rates
2. contraceptive prevalence
3. unmet need for family planning
Insomnia
persistent difficulty with falling asleep and staying asleep
Restless leg syndrome
a strong, irresistible urge to constantly move one's legs
tingling, numbness, pain
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
sleep-disordered breathing characterized by consistent episodes of not breathing throughout the night, or apneas.
pauses in breathing for often a minute or longer, loud snoring, gasping for breath, sweating, choking
Parasomnias: Night terrors, sleepwalking and sleeptalking
a group of sleep disorders that occur when a person is falling asleep or in between sleep stages, and involved abnormal movements, behaviors, emotions, perceptions and dreams
autonomic movements, confusion, no response to others, amnesia for event
chronic or acute
stressors
too much of a wake drive and too little of a sleep drive
Defining features of insomnia
no naps, no caffine 4-5 hours before sleep
wake time sets the time you fall asleep
go to sleep later for a few weeks
stimulus control
pharmacological treatments (Ambien)
treatments for insomnia
tingling, numbness, pain in the legs throughout the night
symptoms of restless leg syndrome
must be relieved by movement
both men and women effected
increases with age
caused by iron deficiency, nerve damage from certain diseases, stress, hormonal changes
defining features of restless leg syndrome
medications
iron supplement
stretching/exercising
treatment for restless leg syndrome
pauses in breathing
loud snoring
gasping for breath
choking
sweating during sleep
daytime sleepiness
symptoms of OSA
defining features of OSA
25 million people in the US have OSA
risk factors: large neck circumference, history of snoring, being overweight, drinking, hypertension, smoking
weight loss, removal of tonsils and adenoids, sleeping on side, CPAC machine
treatments for OSA
autonomic movements
confusion/disorientation
no response to others or stimuli
amnesia
symptoms of parasomnias
defining features of parasomnias
occurs in 1-3% of people
males
typical onset is 4-12 years old
occurs during slow wave sleep
gentle guide person back to bed
more sleep
scheduled awakening before event
treatments for parasomnias
role changes from cancer
children may have to take on more responsibility
the other spouse may have to act as 2 parents
need help paying bills, cooking, cleaning, shopping, etc
other children can feel neglected
finance issues stemming from cancer in the family
individuals who are sick cannot work
other spouse may have to stop working to give care
treatment is expensive
lack of health insurance
new norms
time demands for cancer
treatment is extremely time consuming
Interpersonal - opioid
1. coping strategies
2. reliance/dependency/withdrawal
interpersonal - opioid
1. support systems begin to dissipate
2. friends and families are doing drugs as well
3. individuals can feel shunned by recovery communities for not quitting cold turkey
4. crucial to have adequate social support and high quality care to manage addiction
work & school environment - opioid
1. needles being located in playgrounds, children's spaces
2. huntington HS - every student participating in ANY extracurriculars gets drug tested randomly
neighborhood/community - opioid
1. accessing pills
2. advertising of pain clinics
3. community coalitions - comprised of organizations that work together to provide outreach, education, prevention, service delivery, capacity building, empowerment, community action, community policing an
public policy - opioid
1. prescription drug catalog
2. public policy change
3. laws prohibiting/limiting prescription of drugs