HDF208 Exam 2 Study

Cancer

when the replication and growth of the individual cell goes out of control
second leading cause of death in the US

Types of tumors

Benign (tumor) & malignant (cancerous)

Primary cancers

found in part of body in which they originally formed

Metastatic cancer

cancer that has since spread from the primary, or original, part of the body

5 Major types of cancer

carcinomas -most common, epithelial cells that cover organs
melanomas - skin cancer
sarcomas - forms in bones & soft tissues such as muscle, fat, blood vessels, lymph vessels, tendons and ligaments
lymphomas - in cells of the lymph system
leukemia - cance

Health disparities in cancer

Men, socioeconomic status, access, social environment, exposure to carcinogens, race

Risk factors for cancer

age, environmental factors, immunosuppression, genes, obesity, nutrition and diet, lifestyle factors, environment

Differences between the stages of cancer

Stage 0: abnormal cells are present but not spread
Stage I-III: cancer is present and the higher number indicates a larger tumor and more spreading
Stage IV: cancer has spread to distant parts of the body

Sleep in infancy

Newborns sleep 16-20 hrs/day in short intervals
50% sleep through the night by 4 months

SIDS

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: an unforeseen death of a child from as young as 1 month to 1 year of age

Sleep in school-age children

total sleep time: 6-11 hours
sleep patterns become more stable

Effects due to lack of sleep

lacking concentration, memory problems, issues working on hobbies, difficulty driving and taking care of finances, impaired work performance

Mental health: age health disparity

Childhood: ADHD, separation anxiety, anxiety disorders
Adolescents: main developmental task is to search for more meaning and identity (anxiety, depression, suicidal thoughts, substance abuse)
College Students: 1 in 4 college students suffer from mental i

Mental health: Gender health disparity

Men and women experience at equal rates
Women: more likely to have depression, anxiety, PTSD, suicide attempts, and more likely to seek treatment
Men: more likely to have substance abuse disorders, 4x more likely to complete suicide, more likely to try se

Mental health: Race health disparity

multiracial adults are at the highest risk for mental illness

Most common mental health disorders in: Childhood

ADHD, separation anxiety disorder, other anxiety disorders

Most common mental health disorders in: Adolescents

anxiety, depression, suicidal thoughts, substance abuse, schizophrenia

Most common mental health disorders in: College Students

depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, PTSD, eating disorders, and schizophrenia

Most common mental health disorders in: Adulthood

anxiety, depression, and substance abuse

Most common mental health disorders in: Older Adulthood

suicide (most common age group to pursue suicide), depression, and dementia

The 'Continuum of Care' stages

Promotion: create positive environments
Prevention (universal (focus on given population)& selective (subsets of population)): reduce the risk
Treatment
Recovery: maintenance phase

Types of anxiety

specific phobia: irrational
social anxiety disorder
generalized anxiety disorder
panic disorder
separation anxiety disorder

Psychotherapy

pays attention to how thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are connected
interactive, times, goal-oriented sessions
can include: exposure therapy, mindfulness meditation

Psychopharmacology

using medicine to treat mental health issues, these can take a while to get into the persons system
can include: SSRI's (increase serotonin in the brain), benzodiazepines (increase GABA neurotransmitters)

Alternative therapy

used to supplement other treatments, exercise a common therapy for mental health disorders
yoga can help depression, anxiety PTSD, ADHD, etc. meditation/breathing, massage, acupuncture

Parts of the brain associated with mental health disorders

Limbic system
Amygdala
Hippocampus
Hypothalamus

Causes of depression

Biological: genetics
Psychological: core beliefs, early experience/trauma/treatment, attributions, cognitive distortion, stress
Social: refection, isolation, loss of support, relationship, loved one or parent behavior

Symptoms of depression

mood based, disrupted cognition, loss of interest, suicidal though, difficulty functioning

Impacts of depression

effects biological, psychological, and social aspects of life

Addiction definition

chronic, relapsing brain disease that is characterized by compulsive seeking and use, despite harmful consequences

Substance abuse disorder definition

cluster of cognitive, behavioral, physiological symptoms that indicate continued substance use despite consequences

Alcoholism

the inability to manage drinking habits, constant need for alcohol, can't go on normally without it

Opioid withdrawal

opioids are central nervous system depressants - they mimic bodies naturally occurring endorphins and produce the same pain relieving effects
Narcan (opioid reliever)

Cannabis use

#1 illicit substance in US
symptoms include: euphoria, distortions, psychomotor and cognitive impairment, elevated appetite, changes in motivation

Substance abuse and newborns

babies can be born addicted to drugs
neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS): occurs when the mother uses substances up to a week before giving birth

Impaired control

lacking total control of actions/bodily functions

7 Strategies for Change Model

-providing information
-enhancing skills
-providing support
-enhancing access and reducing barriers
-changing consequences
-changing physical design
-modifying and changing policies

Curable STI's

Syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, trichinosis

Incurable (viral) STI's

Hepatitis B, Herpes, HIV, HPV

Symptoms of Curable STI's

vaginal discharge, urethral discharge or burning, genital ulcers and abdominal pain

Symptoms of Incurable STI's

infections, difficulties during pregnancy, organ damage, cervical cancer, death

Health disparities related to sexual health

Gender, age, race/ethnicity

3 Key Reproductive Health Indicators

1. adolescent birth rates
2. contraceptive prevalence
3. unmet need for family planning

Insomnia

persistent difficulty with falling asleep and staying asleep

Restless leg syndrome

a strong, irresistible urge to constantly move one's legs
tingling, numbness, pain

Obstructive Sleep Apnea

sleep-disordered breathing characterized by consistent episodes of not breathing throughout the night, or apneas.
pauses in breathing for often a minute or longer, loud snoring, gasping for breath, sweating, choking

Parasomnias: Night terrors, sleepwalking and sleeptalking

a group of sleep disorders that occur when a person is falling asleep or in between sleep stages, and involved abnormal movements, behaviors, emotions, perceptions and dreams
autonomic movements, confusion, no response to others, amnesia for event

chronic or acute
stressors
too much of a wake drive and too little of a sleep drive

Defining features of insomnia

no naps, no caffine 4-5 hours before sleep
wake time sets the time you fall asleep
go to sleep later for a few weeks
stimulus control
pharmacological treatments (Ambien)

treatments for insomnia

tingling, numbness, pain in the legs throughout the night

symptoms of restless leg syndrome

must be relieved by movement
both men and women effected
increases with age
caused by iron deficiency, nerve damage from certain diseases, stress, hormonal changes

defining features of restless leg syndrome

medications
iron supplement
stretching/exercising

treatment for restless leg syndrome

pauses in breathing
loud snoring
gasping for breath
choking
sweating during sleep
daytime sleepiness

symptoms of OSA

defining features of OSA

25 million people in the US have OSA
risk factors: large neck circumference, history of snoring, being overweight, drinking, hypertension, smoking

weight loss, removal of tonsils and adenoids, sleeping on side, CPAC machine

treatments for OSA

autonomic movements
confusion/disorientation
no response to others or stimuli
amnesia

symptoms of parasomnias

defining features of parasomnias

occurs in 1-3% of people
males
typical onset is 4-12 years old
occurs during slow wave sleep

gentle guide person back to bed
more sleep
scheduled awakening before event

treatments for parasomnias

role changes from cancer

children may have to take on more responsibility
the other spouse may have to act as 2 parents
need help paying bills, cooking, cleaning, shopping, etc
other children can feel neglected

finance issues stemming from cancer in the family

individuals who are sick cannot work
other spouse may have to stop working to give care
treatment is expensive
lack of health insurance
new norms

time demands for cancer

treatment is extremely time consuming

Interpersonal - opioid

1. coping strategies
2. reliance/dependency/withdrawal

interpersonal - opioid

1. support systems begin to dissipate
2. friends and families are doing drugs as well
3. individuals can feel shunned by recovery communities for not quitting cold turkey
4. crucial to have adequate social support and high quality care to manage addiction

work & school environment - opioid

1. needles being located in playgrounds, children's spaces
2. huntington HS - every student participating in ANY extracurriculars gets drug tested randomly

neighborhood/community - opioid

1. accessing pills
2. advertising of pain clinics
3. community coalitions - comprised of organizations that work together to provide outreach, education, prevention, service delivery, capacity building, empowerment, community action, community policing an

public policy - opioid

1. prescription drug catalog
2. public policy change
3. laws prohibiting/limiting prescription of drugs