Quiz 1

Which group is best served by the development of a rigorous base of evidence for nursing practice?
- Health care policymakers
- Nurses' clients
- Practicing nurses
- Nursing administrators

Nurses' clients

Which is an example of a clinical nursing research question?
- What factors contribute to clients' risk of falling during a hospitalization?
- In what ways do nursing students benefit from a course on evidence-based practice?
- What course of action do nu

What factors contribute to clients' risk of falling during a hospitalization?

Which is a primary source for answering clinical questions for evidence- based nursing?
- Intuition
- Disciplined research
- Input from an authority
- Nurses' clinical experience

Disciplined research

In the United States, which is a major source of funding for nursing research?
- NINR
- Sigma Theta Tau
- Journal clubs
- Magnet Recognition Program

NINR

What is a paradigm?
- A set of procedures for studying the world
- A worldview, a general perspective
- An assumption about the nature of the world
- An antecedent cause of reality

A worldview, a general perspective

Which is a fundamental assumption of the positivist paradigm?
- Reality is "out there" to be objectively studied, known, and understood.
- Phenomena do not necessarily have an antecedent cause.
- Reality is not orderly, but it is haphazard.
- Reality is n

Reality is "out there" to be objectively studied, known, and understood.

Which is a fundamental assumption in the constructivist paradigm?
- Reality is multiply constructed and multiply interpreted by humans.
- The nature of reality has changed over time.
- A fixed reality exists in nature for humans to understand.
- Phenomena

Reality is multiply constructed and multiply interpreted by humans.

Which is a descriptive question that a qualitative researcher might ask?
- What is the nature of grief among parents of a dying child?
- How often do parents of a dying child express grief to others?
- Over how long a period do parents grieve for a dying

What is the nature of grief among parents of a dying child

Which research question is an example of a descriptive question for a quantitative study?
- What is the experience of loneliness like among caregivers of patients with Alzheimer's disease?
- What is it like to experience sudden confusion?
- What is the pr

Does postpartum depression predict toddlers' temperaments?

Which research questions would be considered cause-probing?
- Are students who use e-cigarettes at higher risk of respiratory infections than students who do not?
- What is the process by which students initiate using e-cigarettes?
-What are the character

Are students who use e-cigarettes at higher risk of respiratory infections than students who do not?

Research utilization is a process that begins with which event?
- A clinical problem that needs to be solved
- A finding from existing research
- A well-worded clinical question
- A problem-focused trigger

A finding from existing research

What is the purpose of an evidence hierarchy?
- To rank order evidence according to the strength of evidence provided
- To provide an incentive structure for those undertaking research
- To promote the creation of systematic reviews
- To guide researchers

To rank order evidence according to the strength of evidence provided

Several resources support evidence-based practice, including metasyntheses. What is a metasynthesis?
- A systematic integration and interpretation of qualitative research findings
- A systematic review that integrates quantitative findings statistically
-

A systematic integration and interpretation of qualitative research findings

Which statement best describes clinical practice guidelines?
- They provide general recommendations for evidence-based decision making.
- They are universally useful, regardless of context or country of adoption.
- They offer a set of recommendations for

They offer a set of recommendations for a specific area of practice, based on a distillation of available evidence.

In the following clinical question, what is the Outcome (O component)? "What is the effect of relaxation therapy versus biofeedback on the functional ability of patients with rheumatoid arthritis?"
- Functional ability
- Relaxation therapy
- Rheumatoid ar

Functional ability

In the following clinical question, what is the Intervention/influence/exposure (I component)? "Does taking antidepressants affect the risk of suicide in cognitively impaired adolescents?"
- Adolescence
- Cognitive impairment
- Suicide
- Antidepressant us

Antidepressant use

In the following clinical question, what is the Population (P component)? "Do stress and depression affect dyspnea in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?"
- Patients with COPD
- Patients who are stressed
- Patients who are depresse

Patients with COPD

In the following clinical question, what is the Comparison (C component)? "Does chronic stress affect inflammatory responses in older men with atherosclerotic disease?"
- Atherosclerotic disease
- No "C" component is stated.
- Chronic stress
- Inflammator

No "C" component is stated.

Which activity is part of an organizational- but not an individual - EBP endeavor?
- Searching for evidence
- Appraising evidence
- Asking a good question/identifying a problem
- Assessing implementation potential

Assessing implementation potential

The Iowa Model identifies several knowledge-focused triggers for implementing an EBP project. Which source would be considered a knowledge-focused trigger?
- Increases in the readmission rate of heart failure patients
- Increase in medication errors
- A r

A report in the New England Journal of Medicine regarding the transmission of the Zika virus

After a product for an institutional EBP project has been developed (e.g., a formal guideline or protocol for an innovation), what is typically the next step?
- Undertaking a pilot test
- Evaluating implementation potential
- Making a decision about wheth

Undertaking a pilot test

Which term would likely be used only by quantitative researchers, as opposed to qualitative researchers, to refer to people who participate in a study?
- Informants
- Study participants
- Subjects
- Key informants

Subjects

Which term is used by both quantitative and qualitative researchers to refer to the abstractions under study?
- Variable
- Concept
- Theory
- Construct

Concept

In terms of the PICO framework for asking well-worded questions in an evidence search, a dependent variable in a study corresponds to which component?
- O
- C
- I
- P

O

Which is a question about a causal relationship?
- Do men exercise more than women?
- Does rigorous daily exercise reduce the risk of obesity?
- What amount of exercise is optimal for adolescents?
- Do people who exercise have better nutritional habits?

Does rigorous daily exercise reduce the risk of obesity?

What are the two broad classes of quantitative research?
- Empirical and nonempirical research
- Experimental and nonexperimental research
- Grounded theory and phenomenological research
- Cause-probing and predictive research

Experimental and nonexperimental research

Which qualitative research tradition focuses on understanding phenomena within a cultural context?
- Phenomenology
- Experimental
- Ethnography
- Grounded theory

Ethnography

Which decision is made in connection with the research design for a quantitative study?
- What framework to use
- How frequently data will be collected
- How many hypotheses will be tested
- Whether clinical fieldwork is needed

How frequently data will be collected

Which statement about undertaking literature reviews is true?
- Only qualitative researchers undertake a thorough upfront literature review.
- All researchers acknowledge the importance of doing a thorough upfront literature review.
- Only quantitative re

Some qualitative researchers postpone doing a thorough literature review until after they have collected their data.

In qualitative research, what does saturation indicate?
- There are too many study participants.
- Themes and categories in the data are becoming redundant.
- The quality of the data is excellent.
- Too many variables are included in a study.

Themes and categories in the data are becoming redundant.

What is a final step in both quantitative and qualitative research?
- Undertaking a literature review
- Disseminating research results
- Addressing ethical issues
- Assessing the trustworthiness of the data

Disseminating research results

In a quantitative research article, a review of prior research on the problem under study is most likely to be found in which section?
- Discussion
- Results section
- Method section
- Introduction

Introduction

What is the meaning of the statement, "This finding was statistically significant"?
- A significant number of people participated in the study.
- The finding is probably true and replicable in a new sample.
- A significant theme was identified.
- The find

The finding is probably true and replicable in a new sample.

What does significance at the .05 level mean?
- That there is a 95% probability that the finding is reliable, not spurious
- That the value of the calculated statistic is .05
- That 95% of the study participants had a good outcome - That the finding appli

That there is a 95% probability that the finding is reliable, not spurious

Which is a criterion of scientific rigor used by quantitative researchers that concerns the soundness of the evidence obtained in a study?
- Credibility
- Validity
- Reliability
- Generalizability

Validity

Which is a criterion of scientific rigor used by quantitative researchers that concerns the accuracy and consistency of information obtained in a study?
- Transferability
- Reliability
- Trustworthiness
- Credibility

Reliability

Which is an aspect of trustworthiness used in evaluating the strength of evidence in a qualitative study?
- Credibility
- Triangulation
- Reflexivity
- Reliability

Credibility

A researcher collects data about a phenomenon by observing people in a naturalistic setting and also by interviewing people in that setting. What strategy did the researcher use?
- Credibility
- Triangulation
- Reliability
- Validity

Triangulation

If all people in a population have an equal chance of being selected as study participants, which selection method is being used?
- Biased
- Controlled
- Blind
- Random

Random

What is the term for the strategy of withholding information from participants, interventionists, or other research staff, to enhance objectivity?
- Randomizing
- Triangulation
- Generalizing
- Blinding

Blinding

What mechanism do qualitative researchers use to think critically about themselves and to scrutinize personal values that could affect their interpretations?
- Reflexivity
- Randomness
- Research control
- Triangulation

Reflexivity

Quantitative researchers seek to ensure that their findings can be applied to other groups and settings. What is this called?
- Transferability
- Research control
- Reflexivity
- Generalizability

Generalizability

What is the most important type of information to include in a literature review?
- Clinical anecdotes
- Opinions from experts
- Findings from prior studies
- Case reports from relevant clinical settings

Findings from prior studies

What is the first step in conducting a literature review?
- Specifying the keywords to use in the search
- Selecting the bibliographic database to use
- Identifying the question to be addressed
- Encoding information from sources

Identifying the question to be addressed

When doing a computerized search for quantitative studies on a research question, which statement is most accurate?
- The primary keywords to start the search typically would be the independent and dependent variables.
- Subject searches and textword sear

The primary keywords to start the search typically would be the independent and dependent variables.

Which does the MEDLINE database use to provide consistency in information retrieval?
- Boolean operators
- Scopus reviews
- MeSH
- Textwords

MeSH

Which is true about Google Scholar (GS)?
- GS includes a "Cited by" search feature that can be used for a descendancy search.
- GS is accessed by paying an annual subscription fee.
- GS is unlike other bibliographic databases in that Boolean operators can

GS includes a "Cited by" search feature that can be used for a descendancy search.

The researcher has identified 66 potential references for a literature review through electronic database searches and a descendancy search. What would most likely be the next step?
- Coding the characteristics of each study
- Reading each article in deta

Reviewing the abstracts

Which sentence is appropriately worded for a research review?
- Five recent studies have proved that men are less well able to cope with the loss of a spouse than women.
- The HIV-epidemic has been the cause of considerable anxiety in the gay community.
-

Research has consistently found that infant's sleeping position is related to the risk of sudden infant death syndrome.

In terms of the PICO framework for asking well-worded questions in an evidence search, an independent variable in a study corresponds to which combination of components?
- P and I
- P and O
- I and C
- C and O

I and C