Bonding
formation of a connection, especially a physical bond, between the parents and the newborn in the period shortly after birth
Isolation of premature babies and use of drugs in birth process may harm bonding process
preemies: close contact in the ________________ days in birth process may harm bonding procrss
first few days
most hospitals offer a rooming-in arrangement while mother and child are in the hospital
Average N. American newborn is _____________ long and weighs ____________.
Average:
20 inches, 7 pounds
Average: 18-22 inches long and 5-10 pounds
Newborns lose __________ % of their body weight in the first few days of life.
5-7%
Newborns gain _________ ounces per ___________ during the _______________ month.
5-6 ounces gained per week in the first month
newborns gain approximately ___________ per _______ during the first _________.
1 inch per month during the year
by age 2
average:
wt = 26-32lbs
ht = 32-35 inches
Shaken Baby Syndrom
brain swelling and hemorrhaging from child abuse trauma
_____________ technologies cannot be used with babies.
brain imaging
EEGs show regular spurts in the brain's ______ activity.
electrical
at birth the brain is _______ % of its adult weight
at 2 years it is _________ % of its adult weight
25;75
Myelination
the process of encasing axons with fat cells.
begins prenatally and continues to adolescence.
how does connectivity among neurons increase?
-new dendrites grow
-connections among dendrites increase
-synaptic connections increase
-more synaptic connections are creates than will ever be used
-leads to the "pruning" of the unused connections.
________brain activity has been found in children who grow up in a deprived environment.
______________environments promote faster brain development than deprived ones
depressed
enriched
after birth: __________, __________, _________, ______, ___________, and ____________ help shape the brain's neural connections because_____.
sights, sounds, smells, touches and language, and eye contact help because the brain is wired and rewired by experiences.
shared sleeping
newborn shares a bed with mother
potential benefits of shared sleeping
-promotes breast feeding and quicker response to crying
-allows mother to detect potentially dangerous breathing pauses in baby.
why does the american academy of pediatrics discourage share sleeping
increases risk of injury (rolling over baby) and SIDs
SIDs
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Infants stop breathing and die without apparent cause.
SIDS
-Highest risk in the first ______ of life.
-Highest cause of infant death in the US annually
-Risk decrease when ______________.
4-6 weeks of life
when the baby sleeps on its back
Risk factors associated with SIDs
-with abnormal brain stem functioning involving the neurotransmitter serotonin.
-those that don't sleep with a pacifier when they go to sleep
-sibling with SIDs
-sleep apnea or LBW
-cigarette smoke
-lower SES (socioeconomic status)
-soft bedding
-african
Infants: _______ calories per ________day per each ___________they weigh
50 calories per day per each pound they way
US parents typically do not feed infants enough ______________________
fruits and vegetables
by 15 months, __________ are the most common veeggie eaten
which causes
french fries
increasing rates of overweight and obese infants
other factors of overweight and obese infants
-mother's weight gain during pregnancy and pre-pregnancy weight
-breast-feeding vs. bottle feeding
breastfeeding benefits
-fewer GI and lower resp tract infections
-potentially decreased risk of asthma
-less likely to become overweight
-less incidence of diabetes of SIDs
less GRADOS
The sucking reflex
pacifier or finger, baby will begin instantly sucking
rooting reflex
stroke his cheek and your newbron will open his mouth in the direction of your finger in the search for the breast or bottle to begin feeding
moro reflex
startle reflex - infantile reflex normally present in all infants/ newborns up to 3 to 4 months of age as a response to a sudden loss of support when the infant feels as if it is falling
grasping reflex
closing his fist in anything you place in his palm.
if you try to remove his palm the grasp becomes tighter
babinski reflex
a reflex action in which the big toe remains extended or extends itself when the sole of the foot is stimulated
milestones in gross motor devo
Motor Devo: gross motor skills
-skills using large
-muscle activites
walking, grabbing for objects
-requires postural control.
Motor Devo: Posture
-a dynamic process
-linked with sensory information in the skin, joints, and muscles
Motor Devo: instability
-lack ability to stabilize balance on one leg at a time.
-learn safe places and surfaces for locomotion
Motor Devo: dynamic systems view
- infants assemble motor skills for perceiving and acting
-motor skills represent solutions to goals
Motor Devo: interaction of nature and nurture
-development of nervous system
-body's physical properties
-motivation
-environmental support for the skill
Motor Devo: Motor Development in 2nd Year:
Toddlers
-become more skilled and mobile
-vital to the development of competence and independence
Motor Devo: Motor Development in 2nd Year:
By 18-24 months
-walk quickly or run stiffly
-balance on their feet in a squat position
-walk backward
-stand and kick a ball wihtout falling
-jump in place
Fine Motor Skills
Finger dexterity
Very little control at birth.
Reaching and grasping more refined during first 2 yrs.
Initially crude shoulder and elbow movements
Later wrist movements, hand rotation, and coordination of the thumb and forefinger.
Maturation of hand-eye c
Motor Devo:
Fine Motor Skills
Palmer Grasp
Pincer Grasp
Palmer Grasp
grasping with the whole hand
Pincer Grip
grasping with the thumb and forefinger
Perceptual -motor coupling
-needed for infants to coordinate grasping
experienced infants
-look at objects longer
-reach for them more
-more likely to mouth objects
Ecological View of Sensation and Perception
perception enables interaction with and adaptation to one's environment
Visual Perception (4)
-Newborn's vision is about 20/600
-By 6 months, vision is 20/100 +
-Vision approx adult by age 1
-Interest in human faces soon after birth
Visual Perception of a one month old
start at chin
goes to top of head
and then eyes
Visual Perception of a two month old
start at above head
to lips
to eyes
to lips
to top of head again
Infant's depth perception
have no ability to see what is close or far away
-but is developed by 5th month.
Cognitive processes
--> We build mental structures that help us adapt to the world
-Adaptation involves adjusting to new environmental demands
-Built using interaction with environment
-Systematic changes in thinking occur at different points in their development
Cognitive Proceses:
Piaget 4 Stages
Cognition is qualitatively different from one stage to another.
Piaget Stage 1
Sensorimotor
- infancy: birth to 2 years
-understand the world through sensory experiences
Sensorimotor Substages
When does object permanence develop
end of sensorimotor stage
Language
Production: _____________ months infants say first word
Comprehension: _______months infants often indicate their first word of comprehension
importance of environment: ________ agree here
12-13 months
8-12 months
Vygostsky and Piaget
other environmental influences
infant-directed speech
recasting
echoing
expanding
labeling
Trend between level of maternal speech and infant _________.
direction correlation; vocab
Language Development:
First vocalizations begin at birth then progress: _____,________,____________
Gestures by about 8-12 months:
First words:
-______months
-Age _____ months: understands about ___ words.
-Age ___months: speaks about_____________words.
crying, babbling, cooing
pointing
waving "bye'bye
Language Development:
Vocabulary spurt begins at approximately ___ months of age
__________ of words are common
18 months
underextension and overextension
two-word utterances occur at about ________ months
18-24
telegraphic speech
use of short and precise words without grammatical markers
child -directed speech
-language spoken in a higher pitch using simple words and sentences
-captures infant's attention and maintains communication
Three strategies to enhance language acquisition
-recasting
-expanding state
-labeling
Communication:
Primary means
-crying and smiling
stranger anxiety
-involving fear
-first appears about 6 months of age.
-intensifies about 9 months of age, escalating past the first brithday
intesnity of anxiety depends on
-proximity of the mother
-familiarity of setting
-stranger's behavior
The development of Attachment: Phase 1
-birth to 2 months
-infants instinctively direct their attachment to human figures
The development of Attachment: Phase 2
2-7 months
focuses on one figure, usually the primary caregiver.
The development of Attachment: Phase 3
7-24 months
specific attachments develop
The development of Attachment: Phase 4
24 months and up
goal directed partnership is formed
awareness of other' feelings, goals, and plans
Emotions
Fear:
Positive interactions
Crying:
Smiling
-Fear
--> Appears at about 6 months
--> Peaks at about 18 months
-Positive interactions
-->reciprocal or synchronous
-Crying:
-->Critical means for newborns
->Basic cry
->Anger cry
->Pain cry
-Smiling
-->Reflexive smile
-->Social smile
Personality Development:
3 central elements
Trust:
-Erikson: trust vs mistrust
-not completely resolved in the first year of life
-arises again at each successive stage of development
Development of a sense of self
-18 months
-indpendence through separation and individuation
Autonomy vs shame and d
Bonding
formation of a connection, especially a physical bond, between the parents and the newborn in the period shortly after birth
Isolation of premature babies and use of drugs in birth process may harm bonding process
preemies: close contact in the ________________ days in birth process may harm bonding procrss
first few days
most hospitals offer a rooming-in arrangement while mother and child are in the hospital
Average N. American newborn is _____________ long and weighs ____________.
Average:
20 inches, 7 pounds
Average: 18-22 inches long and 5-10 pounds
Newborns lose __________ % of their body weight in the first few days of life.
5-7%
Newborns gain _________ ounces per ___________ during the _______________ month.
5-6 ounces gained per week in the first month
newborns gain approximately ___________ per _______ during the first _________.
1 inch per month during the year
by age 2
average:
wt = 26-32lbs
ht = 32-35 inches
Shaken Baby Syndrom
brain swelling and hemorrhaging from child abuse trauma
_____________ technologies cannot be used with babies.
brain imaging
EEGs show regular spurts in the brain's ______ activity.
electrical
at birth the brain is _______ % of its adult weight
at 2 years it is _________ % of its adult weight
25;75
Myelination
the process of encasing axons with fat cells.
begins prenatally and continues to adolescence.
how does connectivity among neurons increase?
-new dendrites grow
-connections among dendrites increase
-synaptic connections increase
-more synaptic connections are creates than will ever be used
-leads to the "pruning" of the unused connections.
________brain activity has been found in children who grow up in a deprived environment.
______________environments promote faster brain development than deprived ones
depressed
enriched
after birth: __________, __________, _________, ______, ___________, and ____________ help shape the brain's neural connections because_____.
sights, sounds, smells, touches and language, and eye contact help because the brain is wired and rewired by experiences.
shared sleeping
newborn shares a bed with mother
potential benefits of shared sleeping
#NAME?
why does the american academy of pediatrics discourage share sleeping
increases risk of injury (rolling over baby) and SIDs
SIDs
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Infants stop breathing and die without apparent cause.
SIDS
-Highest risk in the first ______ of life.
-Highest cause of infant death in the US annually
-Risk decrease when ______________.
4-6 weeks of life
when the baby sleeps on its back
Risk factors associated with SIDs
-with abnormal brain stem functioning involving the neurotransmitter serotonin.
-those that don't sleep with a pacifier when they go to sleep
-sibling with SIDs
-sleep apnea or LBW
-cigarette smoke
-lower SES (socioeconomic status)
-soft bedding
-african
Infants: _______ calories per ________day per each ___________they weigh
50 calories per day per each pound they way
US parents typically do not feed infants enough ______________________
fruits and vegetables
by 15 months, __________ are the most common veeggie eaten
which causes
french fries
increasing rates of overweight and obese infants
other factors of overweight and obese infants
-mother's weight gain during pregnancy and pre-pregnancy weight
-breast-feeding vs. bottle feeding
breastfeeding benefits
#NAME?
The sucking reflex
pacifier or finger, baby will begin instantly sucking
rooting reflex
stroke his cheek and your newbron will open his mouth in the direction of your finger in the search for the breast or bottle to begin feeding
moro reflex
startle reflex - infantile reflex normally present in all infants/ newborns up to 3 to 4 months of age as a response to a sudden loss of support when the infant feels as if it is falling
grasping reflex
closing his fist in anything you place in his palm.
if you try to remove his palm the grasp becomes tighter
babinski reflex
a reflex action in which the big toe remains extended or extends itself when the sole of the foot is stimulated
milestones in gross motor devo
Motor Devo: gross motor skills
#NAME?
Motor Devo: Posture
#NAME?
Motor Devo: instability
#NAME?
Motor Devo: dynamic systems view
#NAME?
Motor Devo: interaction of nature and nurture
-development of nervous system
-body's physical properties
-motivation
-environmental support for the skill
Motor Devo: Motor Development in 2nd Year:
Toddlers
#NAME?
Motor Devo: Motor Development in 2nd Year:
By 18-24 months
#NAME?
Fine Motor Skills
Finger dexterity
Very little control at birth.
Reaching and grasping more refined during first 2 yrs.
Initially crude shoulder and elbow movements
Later wrist movements, hand rotation, and coordination of the thumb and forefinger.
Maturation of hand-eye c
Motor Devo:
Fine Motor Skills
Palmer Grasp
Pincer Grasp
Palmer Grasp
grasping with the whole hand
Pincer Grip
grasping with the thumb and forefinger
Perceptual -motor coupling
#NAME?
experienced infants
#NAME?
Ecological View of Sensation and Perception
perception enables interaction with and adaptation to one's environment
Visual Perception (4)
-Newborn's vision is about 20/600
-By 6 months, vision is 20/100 +
-Vision approx adult by age 1
-Interest in human faces soon after birth
Visual Perception of a one month old
start at chin
goes to top of head
and then eyes
Visual Perception of a two month old
start at above head
to lips
to eyes
to lips
to top of head again
Infant's depth perception
have no ability to see what is close or far away
-but is developed by 5th month.
Cognitive processes
--> We build mental structures that help us adapt to the world
-Adaptation involves adjusting to new environmental demands
-Built using interaction with environment
-Systematic changes in thinking occur at different points in their development
Cognitive Proceses:
Piaget 4 Stages
Cognition is qualitatively different from one stage to another.
Piaget Stage 1
Sensorimotor
- infancy: birth to 2 years
-understand the world through sensory experiences
Sensorimotor Substages
When does object permanence develop
end of sensorimotor stage
Language
Production: _____________ months infants say first word
Comprehension: _______months infants often indicate their first word of comprehension
importance of environment: ________ agree here
12-13 months
8-12 months
Vygostsky and Piaget
other environmental influences
infant-directed speech
recasting
echoing
expanding
labeling
Trend between level of maternal speech and infant _________.
direction correlation; vocab
Language Development:
First vocalizations begin at birth then progress: _____,________,____________
Gestures by about 8-12 months:
First words:
-______months
-Age _____ months: understands about ___ words.
-Age ___months: speaks about_____________words.
crying, babbling, cooing
pointing
waving "bye'bye
Language Development:
Vocabulary spurt begins at approximately ___ months of age
__________ of words are common
18 months
underextension and overextension
two-word utterances occur at about ________ months
18-24
telegraphic speech
use of short and precise words without grammatical markers
child -directed speech
-language spoken in a higher pitch using simple words and sentences
-captures infant's attention and maintains communication
Three strategies to enhance language acquisition
#NAME?
Communication:
Primary means
#NAME?
stranger anxiety
-involving fear
-first appears about 6 months of age.
-intensifies about 9 months of age, escalating past the first brithday
intesnity of anxiety depends on
-proximity of the mother
-familiarity of setting
-stranger's behavior
The development of Attachment: Phase 1
-birth to 2 months
-infants instinctively direct their attachment to human figures
The development of Attachment: Phase 2
2-7 months
focuses on one figure, usually the primary caregiver.
The development of Attachment: Phase 3
7-24 months
specific attachments develop
The development of Attachment: Phase 4
24 months and up
goal directed partnership is formed
awareness of other' feelings, goals, and plans
Emotions
Fear:
Positive interactions
Crying:
Smiling
-Fear
--> Appears at about 6 months
--> Peaks at about 18 months
-Positive interactions
-->reciprocal or synchronous
-Crying:
-->Critical means for newborns
->Basic cry
->Anger cry
->Pain cry
-Smiling
-->Reflexive smile
-->Social smile
Personality Development:
3 central elements
Trust:
-Erikson: trust vs mistrust
-not completely resolved in the first year of life
-arises again at each successive stage of development
Development of a sense of self
-18 months
-indpendence through separation and individuation
Autonomy vs shame and d