The neonatal syndrome results from the chronic or periodic intake of alcohol during pregnancy.
fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
What are probable long-term complications for babies w/ FAS?
feeding problems, cognitive impairment, cerebral palsy, attention deficit disorder, language abnormalities, microcephaly, delayed growth/development, poor maternal-newborn bonding
What are common CNS withdrawal s/s in infants?
high-pitched, shrill cry; incessant crying; irritability; tremors; hyperactivity w/ an increased moro reflex; increased deep-tendon reflexes; increased muscle tone; disturbed sleep pattern; hypertonicity; convulsions
What are common respiratory s/s of withdrawal in infants?
nasal congestion w/ flaring, frequent yawning, skin mottling, retractions, apnea, tachypnea greater than 60/min, sweating, temperature greater than 37.2 C (99 F)
What are GI s/s of withdrawal in infants?
poor feeding, regurgitation, projectile vomiting, diarrhea; excessive, uncoordinated constant sucking
What are 3 s/s of heroin withdrawal in a baby?
low birth weight, SGA, manifestations of neonatal abstinence syndrome
What are babies in heroin withdrawal at higher risk for?
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
What are s/s of methadone withdrawal in infants?
increased incidence of seizures, sleep pattern disturbances, higher birth weights compared w/ heroin exposure
What are s/s of marijuana withdrawal in infants?
preterm birth, meconium staining
What are long-term effects of marijuana use during pregnancy on infants?
deficits in attention, cognition, memory, and motor skills
What are s/s of amphetamine withdrawal in infants?
preterm birth, SGA, drowsiness, jitteriness, sleep pattern disturbances, resp. distress, frequent infections, poor weight gain, emotional disturbances, delayed growth and development
What are the s/s of alcohol withdrawal in infants?
jitteriness, irritability, increased tone and reflex response, seizures
What are facial signs of FAS?
small eyes, flat mid face, smooth philtrum, thin upper lip, eyes w/ a wide spaced appearance, epicanthal fold, strabismus, ptosis, poor suck, small teeth, and cleft lip or palate
Besides facial features, what are other s/s of FAS?
deafness, abnormal palmar creases, irregular hair, growth delays, sleep disturbances, heart defects
What are common heart defects in infants w/ FAS?
atrial and ventricular septal defects, tetralogy of Fallot, patent ductus arteriosus
What are s/s of tobacco withdrawal in infants?
prematurity, low birth weight
What are infants w/ tobacco withdrawal at a higher risk for?
SIDS, bronchitis, PNA, developmental delays
Why is a chest x-ray part of the standard testing for infants w/ FAS?
to rule out congenital heart defects
What are 4 things you can do to help comfort an infant in withdrawal?
small/frequent feedings, swaddle w/ legs flexed, offer non-nutritive sucking, reduce environmental stimuli (decrease lights, lower noise level)
What 2 medications are commonly used to help manage withdrawals in newborns?
morphine sulfate and phenobarbital
What should you do to compensate for poor suck reflex?
try various nipples
What should you do for infants w/ cocaine withdrawals?
avoid eye contact, use vertical rocking, and give pacifier
What drug is not contraindicated during breastfeeding?
methadone
What are 4 risks of high caffeine intake?
infertility and higher risk of miscarriage, prematurity, and low birth weight
What are woman who smoke twice as likely to experience?
delay in conception, PROM, placental abruption, or placenta previa
How much higher odds are women who smoke likely to be infertile?
30% more
What are 4 effects of smoking on fetuses?
prematurity, low birthweight, withdrawal syndrome behaviors, increased risk of SIDS
What 3 drugs increase the risk for spontaneous abortions, abruption, and preterm birth if taken during pregnancy?
methamphetamines, cocaine, ecstasy
What are 4 common s/s of cocaine use on infants?
birth defects, withdrawal, visual disturbances, delay in learning
What drug is linked to childhood cancers and IUGR?
marijuana
What drug is known for causing congenital abnormalities?
ecstasy
What does heroin use during pregnancy increase the risk for?
spontaneous AB, IUGR, stillbirth, preterm