Nicotine
Found in tobacco
Psychoactive substance that acts as a stimulant
Release of dopamine and epinephrine and resulting in vasoconstriction
Increase in heart rate and blood pressure, as well as peripheral vascular resistance, thereby increasing the workload of
Long-term effects of smoking might include:
Hypertension
COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)
Depressed mental alertness
Insomnia
Heart disease
Lung cancer
secondhand smoke
Contains a greater concentration of cancer-causing agents and toxins
Infants and children of smokers are at an especially high-risk for
--sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
--asthma exacerbation
--otitis media
--other respiratory complications
Pregnant w
common factors may influence individuals to smoke
Emotions
Social pressure
Alcohol use
Lack of education
Age
lower socioeconomic groups who do smoke are less likely to quit successfully because of several factors:
Lack of high-quality health education
Lack of support for quitting
Increased exposure to smoking
Manifestations
In the early stages of tobacco use
--manifestations are usually nonexistent
After years of use
--the individual may have a deep voice secondary to smoke trauma to the vocal cords.
Most manifestations are seen when a complication, such as COPD, cancer, or
Smoking cessation programs can help clients stop smoking by providing:
Peer support
Group therapy
Behavior modification
adolescent prevention programs
Mass media campaigns
School-based programs and policies (tobacco-free campuses)
Community interventions reducing advertising and promotion
Increased excise tax, resulting in more expensive tobacco products
CAM
Acupuncture
Hypnosis
--which provides a sense of relaxation while eliminating feelings of tension that might cause tobacco use
--Hypnosis is best used in conjunction with a traditional smoking cessation program
Yoga and massage
Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT)
The nicotine patch
--which releases a controlled amount of nicotine when placed on the skin
Nicotine gum
--which provides limited amounts of nicotine
--The number of pieces of gum chewed is gradually reduced over time.
Nicotine spray
--which is an aerosol
Health history
Substance use (both past and current)
--Amount of nicotine use
--Frequency of nicotine use
--Length of time of nicotine use
Medical history
Psychiatric history
Psychosocial concerns
Medications
Allergies
Drug sensitivities
physical examination
Vital signs
Focused physical assessment
Current mental status
Presence of symptoms
--Chronic cough
--Shortness of breath
--Hypertension
--Chest pain
Willingness and motivation to quit
nursing dx
Potential for ineffective airway clearance
Potential for injury
Increased anxiety
Alterations in coping
Risk for denial
planning
The client will maintain a patent airway
The client will remain free from injury.
The client will describe methods of coping without the use of nicotine
The client will state negative effects associated with smoking.
The client will voice benefits of star
implementation
Establishing a therapeutic relationship
Educating on the effects of nicotine use on the body
Teaching relaxation techniques
Providing community resource information
Assessing airway patency
Consulting with the healthcare provider regarding the possibility