Caucasians
have the highest rate of alcohol use among any racial or ethnic group.
alcohol is a factor in
about 60% of fatal burn injuries, drowning, and homicides; 50% of severe trauma injuries and sexual assaults; and 40% of fatal motor vehicle crashes, suicides, and fatal falls
Secondhand smoke
laden with toxic chemicals, is responsible for almost 50,000 smoking-related deaths each year.
Setting the legal drinking age at 21
(a law established in 1984) led to positive effects on health; increased safety; decreased traffic crashes, crash fatalities, and suicides; and decreased consumption.
binge drinking
is considered one of the most significant health risk behaviors among college students.
It is most common in athletes, sports fans, fraternity and sorority members, and extremely social students.
binge drinking in men and women
A pattern of drinking alcohol that results in a blood alcohol concentration of 0.08 or greater.
5 or more alcoholic drinks within 2 hours for men.
4 or more alcoholic drinks within 2 hours for women
The binge drinking rate is highest among young adults aged
18-24
makeup of alcohol
grains + hops + fermentation
alcohol
is a chemical substance that is toxic to the body.
Ethyl alcohol (ethanol)
is the intoxicating ingredient in beer, wine, and distilled liquor.
proof value
a measurement of alcoholic strength, corresponding to twice the alcohol percentage (13% alcohol equals 26 proof).
standard servings
A 5-oz. glass of wine, a 1.5-oz. shot of liquor, and a 12-oz. bottle of beer: 14 grams (1.2 oz.).
absorption
The process by which alcohol passes from the stomach or small intestine into the bloodstream.
metabolism
The breakdown of food and beverages in the body to transform them into energy.
blood alcohol concentration(BAC)
can be affected by several factors:
How much and how quickly you drink.
What you drink.
Sex, age, weight, and physical condition.
Food intake.
Medications.
intoxication
the state of physical and/or mental impairment brought on by excessive alcohol consumption (BAC of 0.08% or greater).
In a basic sense, it is another term for being drunk.
Symptoms of intoxication vary depending on the individual.
symptoms of intoxication
Symptoms of intoxication progress with increased BAC:
Relaxation and exhilaration (0.03%).
Decreased fine motor skills (0.06%).
Slowed reaction time, poor muscle control, slurred speech, and wobbly legs (0.09%).
Loss of self-restraint and impaired ability
short term effects of alcohol on the body
Dehydration.
Gastrointestinal problems.
Sleep disturbances.
Alterations in the metabolic state of the liver and other organs.
hangover
Withdrawal symptoms including headache and nausea caused by an earlier bout of heavy drinking.
alcohol poisoning
Dangerously high level of alcohol consumption, resulting in depression in the central nervous system, slowed breathing and heart rate, and compromised gag reflex.
Call 911 immediately if a person you suspect of having alcohol poisoning:
Is unconscious and you cannot rouse him or her.
Has consumed other drugs.
Is experiencing seizures.
Is injured.
Has a respiration rate of fewer than 8 breaths per minute.
Is experiencing shallow or irregular breathing (10 seconds or more between breaths)
long term effects of alcohol on the body
Chronic, heavy use of alcohol has been linked to:
Cancer of the liver, breast, esophagus, mouth, larynx, and throat.
Neurological effects: Learning, memory, and brain damage.
Cardiovascular disease.
Liver disease:
Fatty liver
Alcoholic hepatitis
Alcoholic
fetal alcohol syndrome
A pattern of mental and physical birth defects found in some children of mothers who drank excessively during pregnancy.
Facial abnormalities
Retarded growth
Permanent intellectual and behavioral problems
Ingesting alcohol during the first trimester of pregnancy can cause
miscarriage.
Engaging in sexual intercourse while intoxicated can lead to:
Unplanned sexual activities (reported by 21% of college students who had too much to drink).
Lack of protection while having sex, leading to possible exposure to STDs such as AIDS or hepatitis B and unplanned pregnancy.
Heavy drinking increases a woman's
alcohol abuse
Drinking alcohol to excess, either regularly or on individual occasions, resulting in disruption of work, school, or home life and causing interpersonal, social, or legal problems.
Alcoholism (alcohol dependence)
A physical dependence on alcohol to the extent that stopping drinking brings on withdrawal symptoms.
alcoholism
At least three of the following symptoms during a one-year period
Tolerance
Withdrawal symptoms
Loss of control
Desire or inability to quit
Overwhelming time commitment
Interference with life
Continued use
self-medicating
using alcohol or drugs to cope with sadness, grief, pain, or mental health problems.
Genetic, physiological, psychological, and social factors play a part in determining susceptibility
Having a parent who abused alcohol
Low self-esteem
Impulsiveness
A need for approval
Peer Pressure
Chronic Stress
treatment options for alcohol
Medications
Alcohol counseling or "talk therapy"
Self-help groups
Intensive treatment programs
dealing with relapse
Returning to drinking after a period of sobriety.
Experienced by up to 90% of drinkers when they first try to quit.
personal choices (alcohol)
Pace and space (sip slowly).
Include food.
Shuffle things up (don't just drink).
helping a friend
Be informed.
Use "I" statements.
Don't judge or interrupt.
Don't expect your friend to seek help after just one discussion.
campus advocacy (alcohol)
BACCHUS Network.
Students Against Destructive Decisions.
why do students smoke
Genetics.
Family and peer exposure.
Age at initiating smoking.
Psychosocial factors.
Desire to lose weight.
Role of media and advertising.
whats in a cigarette
50% shredded tobacco leaf.
30% reconstituted tobacco (made from other parts of the tobacco plant, such as the stem).
20% expanded tobacco (tobacco that has been "puffed up" like popcorn and functions as "filler").
Nearly 600 additives with a wide range of
nicotine
an alkaloid derived from the tobacco plant that is responsible for smoking's psychoactive and addictive effects.
carcinogens
(cancer-causing) chemicals
When a cigarette is smoked:
It releases more than 60 carcinogenic chemicals.
It releases arsenic, formaldehyde, hydrogen cyanide, benzene, and carbon monoxide.
Tar.
tar
a sticky, thick brown residue�forms when tobacco is burned and its chemical particles condense.
Babies born to women who smoke are 2-3 times more likely to die of
sudden infant death syndrome
smoking and pregnancy
Babies are more likely to be born prematurely.
Babies are more likely to weigh less than 5.5 pounds at birth, increasing their risk for illness or death.
smoking while pregnant has been linked to
miscarriages and stillbirths.
secondhand smoke
The smoke to which nonsmokers are exposed when someone has been smoking nearby.
It contains more than 250 chemicals known to be toxic or capable of causing cancer.
Some chemicals are present in higher concentrations in secondhand smoke than in the smoke i
sidestream smoke
smoke emanating from the burning end of a cigarette or pipe
mainstream smoke
exhaled smoke
health effects of secondhand smoke
Irritation of the eyes, nose, throat, and lungs.
Chest pain, coughing, and production of excessive phlegm.
Premature death and disease.
Among nonsmokers, a 25-30% increased risk of heart disease.
Lung cancer.
Respiratory illness, including asthma, in chil
clove cigarettes
No evidence that they are any safer than cigarettes.
cigars
Contain the same addictive, toxic, cancer-causing substances that cigarettes do.
bidis
Not safer than cigarettes.
smokeless spit tobacco
Associated with an increased risk of cancer and leukoplakia.
Frequently found in snuff and chew users in their 20s.
leukoplakia
White spots on the mucous membranes in the mouth that may become cancerous.
electronic/ecigs
Battery-operated devices that deliver nicotine in vapor form.
Nicotine replacement therapies
Gum, inhalers, nasal sprays, lozenges, and patches
Prescription drug therapies
Chantix and Zyban
treatment options for cigarettes
Residential, individual, or group therapy and education and support groups.
personal choices (cigarettes)
Prepare to quit.
Identify a support system.
Identify triggers.
Learn your options.
campus advocacy (cigarettes)
See the American College Health Association's policy.
Prohibit smoking, sales and advertising, provide accessible treatment programs, prohibit athletics programs from accepting funding from tobacco companies, prohibit the university from holding stocks in