blood
� a mixture of formed elements floating in watery plasma
� produced in the red bone marrow by a process called hematopoiesis
� about five liters in an adult
formed elements
group of three different types of cells: erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and platelets
red blood cells
erythrocytes
erythrocytes
� red blood cells
� biconcave disks that are enucleated
� hemoglobin cause it to appear red
� about five million cells per cubic millimeter, about 35 trillion in an adult
� have a life span of 120 days and then removed by the spleen when worn-out or damag
leukocytes
� white blood cells
� there are five different types, each with it own strategy for protecting the body against the invasion of pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and other foreign material
� generally have a spherical shape with a large nucleus
� about
white blood cells
leukocytes
hematopoiesis
blood cell production in the red bone marrow
plasma
� colorless watery fluid of blood and lymph containing no cells and in which erythrocytes and leukocytes and platelets are suspended
� composes 55% of whole blood and is 90 to 92% water
� remaining 8 to 10% portion of plasma are dissolved substances, espe
plasma proteins
dissolved substances in plasma; especially albumin, globulins, and fibrinogens
albumin
plasma protein that helps transport fatty substances that cannot dissolve in the watery plasma
gamma globulin
plasma protein that acts as antibodies
fibrinogen
� plasma protein that induces blood-clotting
� fiber producing
urea
waste product formed in the liver, filtered out of the blood by the kidneys, and excreted in urine
creatinine
waste product of muscle metabolism, filtered out of the blood by the kidneys and excreted in urine
serum
� clear, sticky fluid that remains after the blood has clotted
� plasma with fibrinogen removed or inactivated
enucleated
not containing a nucleus
hemoglobin
� part of the red blood cell that picks up oxygen from the lungs and delivers it to the tissues of the body
� blood protein that gives red blood cells its color
bilirubin
red blood cell waste product disposed of by the liver
five types of leukocytes
� five types are subdivided into two categories: granulocytes (with granules in the cytoplasm) and agranulocytes (without granules in the cytoplasm)
� Granulocytes: basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils
� Agranulocytes: monocytes, lymphocytes
basophils
a granulocyte white blood cells that release histamine and heparin to damaged tissues
eosinophils
a granulocyte white blood cells that destroy parasites and increase during allergic reactions
neutrophils
a granulocyte white blood cells that are important for phagocytosis; the most numerous of the leukocytes
monocytes
� monos
� an agranulocyte white blood cell that is important for phagocytosis
lymphocytes
an agranulocyte white blood cell that plays several different roles providing protection through the immune response
phagocyte
a cell that has the ability to ingest and digest bacteria and other foreign particles
phagocytosis
critical process for the control of bacteria within the body; phagocytes ingest and digest bacteria and other foreign particles
platelet
� modern term for thrombocyte
� refers to the smallest of all the formed blood elements
� play a critical part in the blood-clotting process
� are not whole cells, bur rather are formed when the cytoplasm of a large precursor cell shatters into small plat
thrombocyte
� platelet
� clotting cell
hemostatis
the blood-clotting process
agglutinate
to clump together into small clusters
thromboplastin
substance released by platelets, which in the presence of calcium, react with prothrombin to form thrombin
prothrombin
a clotting protein in the blood which reacts with thromboplastin to form thrombin
thrombin
an enzyme that works to convert fibrinogen to fibrin, which eventually becomes the mesh-like blood clot
fibrin
a white insoluble fibrous protein formed by the action of thrombin on fibrinogen when blood clots
blood typing
test to determine the presence of antigens or markers on the surface of erythrocytes
ABO System
� a blood marker subgroup; there are two possible red blood cell markers, A (type A) and B (type B), type O is the absence of either marker
type A blood
the presence of an A marker and produces anti-B antibodies that will attack type B blood
type B blood
the presence of a B marker and produces anti-A antibodies that will attack type A blood
type AB blood
both A and B markers are present and does not contain any antibodies, therefore will not attack any other blood type
type O blood
� lacks A or B markers and contains both anti-A and anti-B antibodies which will attack all other blood types, A, B, and AB
� because it does not have either marker A or B, it will not react with anti-A or anti-B antibodies, for this reason it is referred
universal donor
person with type O blood, because it does not have either marker A or B, it will not react with anti-A or anti-B antibodies and can be given to a person with any other blood type
universal recipient
person with type AB blood, because it has no antibodies against the other blood types and can receive any blood type
Rh factor
a marker on red blood cells that determines whether a person is Rh positive or Rh negative
Rh positive
� Rh+
� a person with the Rh factor on their red blood cells and they will not produce anti-Rh antibodies
� an Rh+ person may receive both an Rh+ and an Rh- transfusion
Rh negative
� Rh-
� a person without the Rh factor on their red blood cells and will produce anti-Rh antibodies
� an Rh- person can only receive Rh- blood transfusion
blood clot
the hard collection of fibrin, blood cells, and tissue debris that is the end result of hemostasis or the blood-clotting process
coagulate
to convert from a liquid to a gel or solid, as in blood coagulation
dyscrasia
a general term indicating the presence of a disease affecting blood
hematoma
� bruise
� the collection of blood under the skin as the result of blood escaping into the tissue from damaged blood vessels
bruise
hematoma
packed cells
a transfusion of only the formed elements and without plasma
whole blood
refers to the mixture of both plasma and formed elements
hemophilia
� hereditary blood disease in which blood-clotting time is prolonged due to a lack of one vital clotting factor
� it is transmitted by a sex-linked trait from females to males, appearing almost exclusively in males
hyperlipidemia
� condition of having too high a level of lipids such as cholesterol in the bloodstream
� risk factor for developing atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease
septicemia
� blood poisoning
� having bacteria or their toxins in the bloodstream
blood poisoning
septicemia
sepsis
putrefaction, the presence of pus-forming bacteria or their toxins in the blood or tissues
anemia
� a large group of condition characterized by a reduction in the number of red blood cells or the amount of hemoglobin in the blood
� results in less oxygen reaching the tissues
aplastic amemia
� severe form of anemia that develops as a consequence of loss of functioning red bone marrow
� results in a decreased in the number of all the formed elements
hemolytic anemia
an anemia that develops as the result of the excessive loss of erythrocytes
hemolytic reaction
� transfusion reaction
� the destruction of a patient's erythrocytes that occurs when receiving a transfusion of an incompatible blood type
transfusion reaction
hemolytic reaction
hypochromic anemia
anemia resulting from having insufficient hemoglobin in the erythrocytes
iron-deficiency anemia
anemia that results from having insufficient iron to manufacture hemoglobin
pernicious anemia
� PA
� anemia associated with insufficient absorption of vitamin B-12 by the digestive system; vitamin B-12 is necessary for erythrocyte production
polycythemia vera
� production of too many red blood cells by the bone marrow
� blood becomes too thick to easily flow through the blood vessels
sickle cell anemia
� a genetic disorder in which erythrocyte take on an abnormal curved or "sickle" shape
� these cells are fragile and are easily damaged, leading to hemolytic anemia
thalassemia
a genetic disorder in which the body is unable to make functioning hemoglobin, resulting in anemia
leukemia
cancer of the white blood cell-forming red bone marrow resulting in a large number abnormal and immature white blood cells circulating in the blood
blood culture and sensitivity
� C&S
� sample of blood is incubated in the laboratory to check for bacterial growth
complete blood count
� CBC
� combination of blood tests including: red blood cell count (RBC), white blood cell count (WBC), hemoglobin (Hgb), hematocrit (Hct), white blood cell differential, and platelet count
erythrocyte sedimentation rate
� blood test to dertmine the rate at which mature red blood cells settle out of the blood after the addition of a anticoagulant
� indicator of the presence of inflammatory disease
hematocrit
blood test to measure the volume of the red blood cells within the total volume of blood
platelet count
blood test to determine the number of platelets in a given volume of blood
prothrombin time
a measure of the blood's coagulation abilities by measuring how long it takes for a clot to form after prothrombin has been activated
red blood cell count
� RBC
� blood test to determine the number of erythrocytes in a volume of blood
red blood cell morphology
examination of a specimen of blood for abnormalities in the shape (morphology) of the erythrocytes; used to determine diseases like sickle cell anemia
sequential multiple analyzer computer
� SMAC
� machine for doing multiple blood chemistry tests automatically
white blood cell count
� WBC
� blood test to measure the number of leukocytes in a volume of blood
white blood cell differential
� diff
� blood test to determine the number of each variety of leukocytes
bone marrow aspiration
sample of bone marrow is remove by aspiration with a needle and examined for diseases such as leukemia or aplastic anemia
phlebotomy
� venipuncture
� incision into a vein in order to remove blood for diagnostic test
venipunture
phlebotomy
autologous transfusion
procedure for collecting and storing a patient's own blood several weeks prior to the actual need, e.g. during surgical procedure
type and crossmatch
� test to double check the blood type of both the donor's and recipient's blood
� process mixes together small samples of both bloods and observes the mixture for adverse reactions
bone marrow transplant
� BMT
� patient receives red bone marrow from a donor after the patient's own bone marrow has been destroyed by radiation or chemotheropy
homologous transfusion
replacement of blood by transfusion of blood received from another person
plasmapheresis
� method of removing plasma from the body without depleting the formed elements
� whole blood is removed and the cells and plasma are separated; the cells are returned to the patient along with a donor plasma transufsion
anticoagulant
� blood thinners
� substance that prevents blood clot formation
antihemorrhagic
� hemostatic agent
� substance that prevents or stops hemorrhaging
blood thinners
anticoagulant
hemostatic agent
antihemorrhagic
antiplatelet agents
� substance that interferes with the action of platelets
� prolongs bleeding time and used to prevent heart attacks and strokes
hematinic
substance that increase the number erythrocytes or the amount of hemoglobin in the blood
thrombolytic
term meaning able to dissolve existing blood clots
fibrinolysis
destruction of fibers
fibrinous
pertaining to fibers
hemolysis
� hemolytic
� blood destruction
hemolytic
� hemolysis
� blood destruction
hemorrhage
rapid flow of blood
hematic
� sanguinous
� pertaining to blood
sanguinous
� hematic
� pertaining to blood
granulocyte
granular cell
agranulocyte
nongranular cell
erythrocytosis
too many red cells
leukocytosis
too many white cells
thrombocytosis
too many clotting cells
erythropenia
too few red cells
leukopenia
too few white cells
thrombopenia
too few clotting cells
pancytopenia
too few of all cells
eythropoiesis
red cell producing
leukopoiesis
white cell producing
thrombopoiesis
clotting cell producing