cardiovascular system
� CV
� circulatory system
� maintains the distribution of blood throughout the body and is composed of the heart and the blood vessels
� composed of two parts: the pulmonary circulation and the systemic circulation
circulatory system
� cardiovascular system
� maintains the distribution of blood throughout the body and is composed of the heart and the blood vessels
� composed of two parts: the pulmonary circulation and the systemic circulation
pulmonary circulation
transports deoxygenated blood to the lungs to get oxygen, and then back to the heart
systemic circulation
carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the tissues and cells, and then back to the heart
heart
� a muscular pump, located in the mediastinum, made up of cardiac muscle fibers
� has four chambers and beats an average of 60 to 100 bpm
� the wall of the heart is thick and composed of three layers: endocardium, myocardium, and epicardium
� regulated by
endocardium
� the inner layer of the heart, lining the heart chambers
� it is a very smooth, thin layer that serves to reduce friction as the blood passes through the heart chambers
myocardium
� thick muscular middle layer of the heart
� contraction of this muscles layer develops the pressure required to pump blood though the blood vessels.
epicardium
� the outer layer of the heart
� the heart is enclosed within the pericardium, the epicardium is the visceral pericardium
pericardium
a double-layered pleural sac that encloses the heart
visceral pericardium
� epicardium
� inner layer of the pericardium sac
parietal pericardium
outer layer of the pericardium sac
atria
� plural form of atrium
� the upper chambers of the heart
� the atria are the receiving chambers of the heart, collecting blood returning the heart via veins
ventricles
� the lower chambers of the heart
� ventricles are the pumping chambers which have much thicker myocardium and their contraction ejects blood out of the heart into the great arteries.
interatrial septum
wall that divides the atria into left and right sides
interventricular septum
wall that divides the ventricles into left and right sides
heart valves
� four valves (tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral or bicuspid, and aortic) act as restraining gates to control the direction of blood flow and are situated at the entrances and exits to the ventricles
� properly functioning valves allow blood to flow only in th
atrioventricular valve
� either of two heart valves through which blood flows from the atria to the ventricles
� tricuspid valve and mitral (or bicsupid) valve
tricuspid valve
� an atrioventricular valve that controls the opening between the right atrium and right ventricle; prevents blood from returning into the right atrium from the right ventricle
� this valve has three leaflets or cusps
pulmonary valve
a semilunar valve located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery that prevents blood that has been ejected into the pulmonary artery from returning to the right ventricle as it relaxes
semilunar valve
� valve that looks like a half moon
� pulmonary valve and aortic valve
mitral valve
� bicuspid valve
� an atroventricular valve between the left atrium and left ventricle that has two cusps and blood flows through the valve to the left ventricle and cannot go backup into the left atrium
bicuspid valve
� mitral valve
� an atroventricular valve between the left atrium and left ventricle that has two cusps and blood flows through the valve to the left ventricle and cannot go backup into the left atrium
aortic valve
� a semilunar valve located between the left ventricle and the aorta
� blood leaves the left ventricle through this valve and cannot return to the left ventricle
superior vena cava
� carries blood from the upper body to the heart
� one of two large veins where deoxygenated blood from all the tissues in the body enters a relaxed right atrium
inferior vena cava
� carries blood from the lower body to the heart
� one of two large veins where deoxygenated blood from all the tissues in the body enters a relaxed right atrium
right atrium
� the right upper chamber of the heart
� when relaxed, receives deoxygenated blood from the venae cavae
� when contracted, blood flows through the tricuspid valve into the relaxed right ventricle
pulmonary artery
carries carries blood to the lungs for oxygenation
right ventricle
� the right lower chamber of the heart
� when relaxed, receives deoxygenated blood from the the right atrium
� when contracted, blood is pumped through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery
left atrium
� the left upper chamber of the heart
� when relaxed, receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via four pulmonary veins
� when contracted, blood flows through the mitral valve into the relaxed left ventricle
left ventricle
� the left lower chamber of the heart
� when relaxed, receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium
� when contracted, blood is pumped through the aortic valve and into the aorta
aorta
the largest artery in the body that carries blood to all parts of the body
diastole
the widening (relaxing) of the chambers of the heart between two contractions when the chambers fill with blood
systole
the contraction of the chambers of the heart (especially the ventricles) to drive blood into the aorta and pulmonary artery
conduction system of the heart
� part of the autonomic nervous system; special tissue within the heart responsible for conducting and electrical impulse stimulating the different chambers of the heart to contract in the correct order
� sinoatrial node (pacemaker), atrioventricular node
sinoatrial node
� SA node, S-A node
� pacemaker
� where the electrical impulses begin in the heart, electricity travels though the atria, causing them to contract, or go into systole
pacemaker
sinoatrial node
atrioventricular node
when stimulated by electrical signal from the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node transfers the stimulation wave to the atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)
bundle of His
atrioventricular bundle
atrioventricular bundle
� bundle of His
� when stimulated by electrical signal from the atrioventricular node, atrioventricular bundle transfers the electrical signal into the bundle branches
bundle branches
bundle branches passes electrical signal within the interventricular septum
Purkinje fibers
� located in the ventricular myocardium
� when stimulated, results in ventricular systole
P wave
� in an electrocardiogram, precedes atrial systole
� corresponds to contraction of the atria
� may show an abnormality in atria
QRS complex
� in an electrocardiogram, precedes ventricular systole
� correlates to ventricles contracting
� may show an abnormality in ventricles
T wave
� in an electrocardiogram, precedes ventricular diastole
� represents preparation for next series of complexes
� may show signs of MI
lumen
the channel within blood vessels through which blood flows
three types of blood vessels
arteries, capillaries, and veins
arteries
� large, thick-walled vessels that carry blood away from the heart
� walls contain a thick layer of smooth muscle that can contract or relax to change the size of the arterial lumen
coronary arteries
arteries that branch from the aorta and provide blood to the myocardium
arterioles
smallest of the arteries that deliver blood to the capillaries
capillaries
� a network of tiny blood vessels referred to as a capillary bed
� arterial blood flows into a capillary bed, and venous blood flows back out
� capillaries are very thin walled, allowing for the diffusion of the oxygen and nutrients from the blood into th
capillary bed
capillaries
veins
� blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart from capillaries
� veins have thinner walls than arteries, causing them to collapse easily
� veins have valves that allow the blood to move only toward the heart
� blood pressure is much lower in the vein
venules
small vessels that gather blood from the capillaries into the veins
blood pressure
� BP
� a measurement of the force exerted by blood against the wall of a blood vessel
systolic pressure
during ventricular systole, blood is under a lot of pressure giving the highest blood pressure reading
diastolic pressure
during ventricular diastole, blood is not being pushed by the heart at all and the blood pressure reading drops to its lowest point
auscultation
the process of listening to sounds with the body by using a stethoscope
infarct
an area of tissue within an organ or part that undergoes necrosis (death) following the loss of its blood supply
ischemia
the localized and temporary deficiency of blood supply due to an obstruction to the circulation
murmur
an abnormal heart sound such as a soft blowing sound or harsh click
bruit
heart murmur
orthostatic hypotension
the sudden drop in blood pressure a person experiences when standing up suddenly
palpitations
Pounding, racing heartbeats
plaque
a yellow, fatty deposit of lipids in an artery that are the hallmark of atherosclerosis
regurgitation
to flow backwards; in the cardiovascular system this refers to the backflow of blood through a valve
sphygmomanometer
instrument for measuring blood pressure
stent
a stainless steel tube placed within a blood vessel or duct to widen the lumen
angina pectoris
condition in which there is severe pain with a sensation of constriction around the heart; caused by deficiency of oxygen to the heart muscle
arrhythmia
irregularity in the heartbeat or action
bundle branch block
� BBB
� heart block
� occurs when the electrical impulse is blocked from traveling down the bundle of His or bundle branches; results in the ventricles beating at a different rate than the atria
heart block
� bundle branch block
� occurs when the electrical impulse is blocked from traveling down the bundle of His or bundle branches; results in the ventricles beating at a different rate than the atria
cardiac arrest
complete stopping of heat activity
cardiomyopathy
general term for a disease of the myocardium
congenital septal defect
� CSD
� a hole, present at birth, in the septum between two heart chambers; results in a mixture of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
� there can be atrial septal defect (ASD) and a ventricular septal defect (VSD)
atrial septal defect
� ASD
� a congenital septal defect, an abnormal opening between the left and right atria of the heart
ventricular septal defect
� VSD
� a congenital septal defect, an abnormal opening between the left and right ventricles of the heart
congestive hart failure
� CHF
� pathological condition of the heart in which there is a reduced outflow of blood from the left side of the heart because the left ventricle myocardium has become too weak to efficiently pump blood
� results in weakness, breathlessness, and edema
coronary artery disease
� CAD
� insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle due to an obstruction of one or more coronary arteries
� may be caused by atherosclerosis and may cause angina pectoris and myocardial infarction
endocarditis
� inflammation of the lining membranes of the heart
� may be due to bacteria or to an abnormal immunological response; in bacterial endocarditis, the mass of bacteria that forms is referred to as vegetation
fibrillation
an extremely serious arrhythmia characterized by an abnormal quivering or contraction of heart fibers
flutter
an arrhythmia in which the atria beat too rapidly, but in a regular pattern
heart valve prolapse
condition in which the cusps or flaps of the heart valve are too loose and the fail to shut tightly, allowing blood to flow backward though the valve when the heat chamber contracts
myocardial infarction
� MI
� heart attack
� condition caused by the partial or complete occlusion or closing of one or more of the coronary arteries
myocarditis
inflammation of the muscle layer of the heart wall
pericarditis
inflammation of the pericardial sac around the heart
tetralogy of Fallot
combination of four congenital anomalies:
1. pulmonary stenosis
2. an interventricular septal defect
3. improper placement of the aorta
4. hypertrophy of the right ventricle
aneurysm
weakness in the wall of an artery resulting in localized widening of the artery
arteriosclerosis
thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries; often due to atherosclerosis
atherosclerosis
most common form of arteriosclerosis; caused by the formation of yellowish plaques of cholesterol on the inner walls of arteries
coarctation of the aorta
severe congenital narrowing of the aorta
embolus
the obstruction of a blood vessel by a blood clot that has broken off from a thrombus somewhere else in the body and traveled to the point of obstruction
hemorrhoid
varicose veins in the anal region
hypertension
� HTN
� blood pressure above the normal range
� essential or primary hypertension occurs directly from cardiovascular disease
� secondary hypertension refers to high blood pressure resulting from another disease such as kidney disease
patent ductus arteriosus
� PDA
� congenital heart anomaly in which the fetal connection between the pulmonary artery and the aorta fails to close at birth
peripheral vascular disease
� any abnormal condition affecting blood vessels outside the heart
� symptoms may include pain, pallor, numbness, and loss of circulation and pulses
polyarteritis
inflammation of several arteries
Raynaud's phenomenon
periodic ischemic attacks affecting the extremities of the body, especially the fingers, toes, ears, and nose
thrombophlebitis
inflammation of a vein resulting in the formation of blood clots within the vein
thrombus
a blood clot forming within a blood vessel, may partially or completely occlude the blood vessel
varicose veins
swollen and distended veins
vegetation
the mass of bacteria that forms in the case of bacterial endocarditis
angiography
� X-rays taken after the injection of an opaque material into a blood vessel
� can be performed on the aorta as an aortic angiogram, on the heart as an angiocardiogram, and on the brain as a cerebral angiogram
echocardiography
� ECG, EKG
� noninvasive diagnostic method using ultrasound to visualize internal cardiac structures
venography
� phlebography
� x-ray of the veins by tracing the venous pulse
� may be used to identify a thrombus
phlebography
� venography
� x-ray of the veins by tracing the venous pulse
� may be used to identify a thrombus
Doppler ultrasonography
� measurement of sound-wave echoes as they bounce off tissues and organs to produce an image
� used to measure velocity of blood moving though blood vessels to look for blood clot or deep vein thromboses
serum lipoprotein level
blood test to measure the amount of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood; an indicator of atherosclerosis risk
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
� CPR
� procedure to restore cardiac output and oxygenated air to the lungs for a person in cardiac arrest
defibrillation
a procedure that converts serious irregular heartbeats, such as fibrillation, by giving electric shocks to the heart using an instrument called a defibrillator
extracorporeal circulation
� ECC
� during open-heart surgery, the routing of blood to a heart-lung machine so it can be oxygenated and pumped to the rest of the body
implantable cardioverterdefibrillator
a device implanted in the heart that delivers an electrical shock to restore a normal heart rhythm
pacemaker implantation
� electrical device that substitutes for the natural pacemaker of the heart
� it controls the beating of the heart by a series of rhythmic electrical impluses
thrombolytic therapy
process in which drugs, such as streptokinase (SK) or tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA), are injected into a blood vessel to dissolve clots and restore blood flow
aneurysmectomy
the surgical removal of the sac of an aneurysm
arterial anastomosis
� the surgical joining together of two arteries
� performed if an artery is severed or if a damaged section of an artery is removed
coronary artery bypass graft
open-heart surgery in which a blood vessel from another location in the body (often a leg vein) is grafted to route blood around a blocked coronary artery
embolectomy
the removal of an embolus or clot from a blood vessel
endarterectomy
� removal of the diseased or damaged inner lining of an artery
� usually preformed to remove atherosclerotic plaques
intracoronary artery stent
placing of a stent within a coronary artery to treat coronary ischemia due to atherosclerosis
ligation and stripping
surgical treatment for varicose veins; the damaged vein is tied off (ligation) and removed (stripping)
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
the method for treating localized coronary artery narrowing; a balloon catheter is inserted through the skin into the coronary artery and inflated to dilate the narrow blood vessel
valve replacement
removal of a diseased heart valve and replacement with an artificial valve
ACE inhibitor drugs
produce vasodilation and decrease blood pressure
antiarrhythmic
reduces or prevents cardiac arrhythmias
anticoagulant
prevent blood clot formation
antilipidemic
reduces amount of cholesterol and lipids in the bloodstream; treats hyperlipidemia
hyperlipidemia
excessive amounts of lipids (cholesterol, phospholipids, and triglycerides) in the blood
beta-blocker drugs
treats hypertension and angina pectoris by lowering he heart rate
calcium channel blocker drugs
treats hypertension, angina pectoris and congestive heart failure by causing the heart to beat less forcefully and less often
cardiotonic
increases the force of cardiac muscle contraction; treats congestive heart failure
diuretic
increases urine production by the kidneys, which works to reduce plasma and therefore blood volume, resulting in lower blood pressure
thrombolytic
dissolves existing blood clots
vasoconstrictor
contracts smooth muscle in walls of blood vessels; raises blood pressure
vasodilator
� relaxes the smooth muscle in the walls of arteries, thereby increasing diameter of the blood vessels
� used for two main purposes: increasing circulation to an ischemic area; reducing blood pressure
cardiac scan
patient is given radioactive thallium intravenously and then scanning equipment is used to visualize the heart; useful for determining myocardial damage
angiogram
record of a vessel
angiitis
inflammation of a vessel
angioplasty
surgical repair of a vessel
angiospasm
involuntary muscle contraction of vessel
angiostenosis
narrowing of a vessel
aortic
pertaining to the aorta
arterial
pertaining to the artery
arteriorrhexis
ruptured artery
atherectomy
removal of fatty substance
atheroma
fatty substance tumor/growth
atrial
pertaining to the atrium
interatrial
pertaining to between the atria
cardiac
pertaining to the heart
bradycardia
state of slow heart
electrocardiogram
record of heart electricity
cardiomegaly
enlarged heart
myocardial
pertaining to heart muscle
cardiorrhexis
ruptured heart
tachycardia
state of fast heart
coronary
pertaining to the heart
phlebitis
inflammation of a vein
valvoplasty
surgical repair of a valve
valvulitis
inflammation of a valve
valvular
pertaining to a valve
vascular
pertaining to a blood vessel
venous
pertaining to a vein
venogram
record of a vein
ventricular
pertaining to a ventricle
interventricular
pertaining to between the ventricles
autonomic nervous system
the part of the nervous system of vertebrates that controls involuntary actions of the smooth muscles and heart and glands
cardiac enzymes
� blood test to determine the level of enzymes specific to heart muscles in the blood
� an increase in the enzymes may indicate heart muscle damage such as myocardial infarction
pulse
� expansion and contraction produced by blood as it moves through an artery
� the pulse can be taken at several pulse points throughout the body where an artery is close to the surface