integument
skin, cutaneous membrane
cutaneous membrane
skin, integument
skin
� The skin serves many purposes for the body: protecting, housing nerve receptors, secreting fluids, and regulating temperature.
� three layers of skin from outer to inward are:
1. epidermis
2. dermis
3. subcutaneous layer
sensory receptors
nerve ending in the dermis that detect temperature, pain, touch and pressure
epidermis
� thin outer membrane layer of the skin
� does not have a blood supply or connective tissue, so it is dependent for nourishment on the deeper layers of skin
basal layer
� stratum basal
� deepest region of the epidermis where new cells form pushing the old cells toward the outer layer of the epidermis
keratin
� hard protein found in the epidermis, hair, and nails
� protein that allow dead skin cells to act as an effective barrier to infection and also make it waterproof
melanocytes
special cells in the basal layer of the epidermis which produce the black pigment melanin
melanin
� black pigment produced by melanocytes in the basal layer of the epidermis
� pigment responsible for the color of the skin and protects against damage from the ultraviolet rays of the sun
dermis
� corium
� the middle layer of the skin, located between the epidermis and the subcutaneous layer
� the dermis is living tissue with a very good blood supply, composed of connective tissue and collagen fibers
� the dermis houses hair follicles, sweat glan
corium
dermis
collagen fibers
collagen fibers are made from strong, fibrous protein present in connective tissue, forming a flexible "glue"that gives connective tissue its strength
subcutaneous layer
� Subcu or Subq
� hypodermis
� the third and deepest layer of the skin
� composed of fat cells called lipocytes, protect the deeper tissues of the body and acts a insulation for heat and cold
hypdermis
subcutaneous layer
lipocytes
medical term for cells that contain fat molecules
accessory organs
� appendages of the skin
� the anatomical structures located within the dermis, including the hair, nails, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands
stratified squamous epithelium
� tissue of which composes the epidermis
� epithelial tissue consisting of flat scale-like cells arranged in overlapping layers or strata
arrector pili
� smooth muscle attached to hair follicle
� causes "goose bumps" when muscle contracts
lunula
the crescent-shaped area at the base of the human fingernail
sebaceous glands
� found in the dermis and attached to the hair follicle
� secretes the oil sebum, which lubricates the hair and skin, thereby helping to prevent drying and cracking
sebum
the oily secretion of the sebaceous glands
sweat glands
� sudoriferous glands
� highly coiled glands located in the dermis that function to cool the body as sweat evaporates
sudoriferous glands
� sweat glands
� highly coiled glands located in the dermis that function to cool the body as sweat evaporates
apocrine glands
� odoriferous glands
� sweat glands in the pubic and underarm areas that secrete a thicker sweat, which can produce an odor when it comes into contact with bacteria on the skin
cicatrix
a scar
comedo
� Collection of hardened sebum in hair follicle.
� Also called a blackhead.
contusion
Injury caused by a blow to the body; causes swelling, pain, and bruising. The skin is not broken.
cyanosis
Bluish tint to the skin caused by deoxygenated blood.
depigmentation
Loss of normal skin color or pigment.
diaphoresis
Profuse sweating.
ecchymosis
� A bruise.
� Skin discoloration caused by blood collecting under the skin following blunt trauma to the skin.
erythema
Redness or flushing of the skin.
eschar
A thick layer of dead tissue and tissue fluid that develops over a deep burn area.
hirsutism
Excessive hair growth over the body.
hyperemia
Redness of the skin due to increased blood flow.
hyperpigmentation
Abnormal amount of pigmentation in the skin.
keloid
Formation of a raised and thickened hypertrophic scar after an injury or surgery.
keratosis
Term for any skin condition involving an overgrowth and thickening of the epidermis layer.
lesion
A general term for a wound, injury, or abnormality.
nevus
Pigmented skin blemish, birthmark, or mole. Usually benign but may become cancerous.
pallor
Abnormal paleness of the skin.
petechiae
Pinpoint purple or red spots from minute hemorrhages under the skin.
photosensitivity
Condition in which the skin reacts abnormally when exposed to light, such as ultraviolet (UV) rays of the sun.
pruritus
Severe itching.
purpura
Hemorrhages into the skin due to fragile blood vessels. Commonly seen in elderly people.
purulent
Containing pus or an infection that is producing pus.
pus
Consists of dead bacteria, white blood cells, and tissue debris.
strawberry hemangioma
Congenital collection of dilated blood vessels causing a red birthmark that fades a few months after birth.
suppurative
Containing or producing pus.
urticaria
Also called hives; a skin eruption of pale reddish wheals with severe itching. Usually associated with food allergy, stress or drug reactions.
verruca
Commonly called warts; a benign growth caused by a virus. Has a rough surface that is removed by chemicals and/or laser therapy.
cyst
fluid-filled sac under the skin
fissure
crack-like lesion or groove on the skin
laceration
a torn or jagged wound; incorrectly used to describe a cut.
macule
� flat, discolored area that is flush with the skin surface.
� Example: freckle, birthmark
nodule
firm, solid mass of cells in the skin larger that 0.5 cm in diameter.
papule
small, solid, circular raised spot on the surface of the skin less than 0.5 cm in diameter
pustule
raised spot on the skin containing pus
ulcer
open sore or lesion in skin or mucous membrane
vesicle
a blister; small, fluid-filled raised spot on the skin
wheal
small, round, swollen area on the skin; typically seen in allergic skin reactions such as hives and usually accompanied by urticaria
abscess
a collection of pus in the skin
acne
inflammatory disease of the sebaceous glands and hair follicles resulting in papules an pustules
acne rosacea
chronic form of acne seen in adults involving redness, tiny pimples, and broken blood vessels, primarily on the nose and cheeks.
acne vulgaris
common form of acne seen in teenagers, characterized by comedo, papules, and pustules.
albinism
A genetic condition in which the body is unable to make melanin. Characterized by white hair and skin and red pupils due to the lack of pigment. The person with albinism is called an albino.
basal cell carcinoma
� BCC
� Cancerous tumor of the basal cell layer of the epidermis. A frequent type of skin cancer that rarely metastasizes or spreads. These cancers can arise on sun exposed skin.
cellulitis
a diffuse, acute infection and inflammation of the connective tissue found in the skin.
decubitus ulcer
� bed sore or pressure sore
� open sore caused by pressure over bony prominences cutting off the blood flow to the overlying skin
dry gangrene
late stages of gangrene characterized by the affected area becoming dried, blackened, and shriveled; referred to as mummified
eczema
superficial dermatitis of unknown cause accompanied by redness, vesicles, itching, and crusting
gangrene
tissue necrosis usually due to deficient blood supply
ichthyosis
condition in which the skin becomes dry, scaly, and keratinized
impetigo
a highly infection bacterial infection of the skin with pustules that rupture and become crusted over
Kaposi's sarcoma
� Form of skin cancer frequently seen in AIDS patients.
� Consists of brownish-purple papules that spread from the skin and metastasize or spread to internal organs.
malignant melanoma
� MM
� Dangerous form of skin cancer caused by uncontrolled growth of melanocytes. May quickly metastasize or spread to internal organs.
pediculosis
infestation with lice
psoriasis
chronic inflammatory condition consisting of papules forming "silvery scale" patches with circular borders
rubella
� contagious viral skin infection
� German measles
scabies
contagious skin disease caused by an egg-laying mite that burrow though the skin and causes redness and intense itching; often seen in children.
sebaceous cyst
sac under the skin filled with sebum or oil from a sebaceous gland
squamous cell carcinoma
� SCC
� cancer of the epidermis layer of skin that may invade deeper tissue and metastasize. Often begins as a sore that does not heal.
systemic lupus erythematosus
Chronic disease of the connective tissue that injures the skin, joints, kidneys, nervous system, and mucous membranes. May produce a characteristic red, scaly butterfly rash across the cheeks and nose.
tinea
fungal skin disease resulting in itching, scaling lesions
tinea capitis
� fungal infection of the scalp
� ringworm
tinea pedis
� fungal infection of the foot
� athlete's foot
varicella
chickenpox, a contagious viral skin infection
vitiligo
� leukoderma
� disappearance of pigment from the skin in patches, causing a milk-white appearance
leukoderma
� vitiligo
� disappearance of pigment from the skin in patches, causing a milk-white appearance
wet gangrene
an area of gangrene that becomes secondarily infected by pus-producing bacteria
alopecia
� baldness
� absence or loss of hair, especially of the head
carbuncle
furuncle (boil) involving several hair follicles.
furuncle
� boil
� bacterial infection of a hair follicle; characterized by redness, pain, and swelling
onychia
infected nail bed
paronychia
infection of the skin fold around a nail
culture and sensitivity
� C&S
� a laboratory test that grows a colony of bacteria removed from an infected area in order to identify the specific infecting bacteria and then determine its sensitivity to a variety of antibiotics.
biopsy
� BX, bx
� A piece of tissue is removed by syringe and needle, knife, punch or brush to examine under a microscope; used to aid diagnosis
exfoliative cytology
scraping cells from tissue and then examining them under a microscope.
frozen section
� FS
� A thin piece of tissue is cut from a frozen specimen for rapid examination under a microscope.
fungal scrapings
scrapings, taken with a curette or scraper, of tissue from lesions are placed on a growth medium and examined under a microscope to identify fungal growth
allograft
skin graft from on person to another
autograft
skin graft from a person's own body
dermatome
instrument for cutting the skin or thin transplants of skin
dermatoplasty
skin grafting; transplantation of skin
heterograft
� xenograft
� skin graft from an animal of another species (usually a pig) to a human.
skin graft
� SG
� dermatoplasty
� the transfer of skin from a normal area to cover another site.
xenograft
� heterograft
� skin graft from an animal of another species (usually a pig) to a human.
cauterization
destruction of tissue by using caustic chemicals, electric currents, heat, or by freezing
cryosurgery
the use of extreme cold to freeze and destroy tissue
curettage
removal of superficial skin lesions with a curette (surgical instrument shaped like a spoon) or scraper
debridement
removal of foreign material and dead or damaged tissue from a wound
electrocautery
to destroy tissue with an electric current
incision and drainage
� I&D
� making an incision to create and opening for the drainage of material such as pus
chemabrasion
� chemical peel
� abrasion using chemicals
dermabrasion
abrasion or rubbing using wire brushes or sandpaper; performed to remove acne scars, tattoos, scar tissue.
laser therapy
removal of skin lesions and birthmarks using a laser beam that emits intense heat and power at a close range
liposuction
removal of fat beneath the skin by means of suction
rhytidectomy
� face lift
� surgical removal of excess skin to eliminate wrinkles
nail body
� nails
� flat plate of keratin that covers the ends of fingers and toes
nail bed
the connected tissue underneath the nail body
nail root
found at the base of the nail where the nail grows
cuticle
soft tissue that covers and protects the nail root
hair root
where deeper cells in the hair follicle force older keratinized cells to move upward forming the hair shaft
hair follicle
a small tubular cavity containing the root of a hair
hair shaft
the portion of the hair that projects beyond the skin