chapter 15 medical terminology

anorexia

lack of appetite

exophthalmia

protrusion of eyeballs from their orbits

goiter

enlargement of the throid gland, not due to a tumor

hirsutism

abnormal hairness, especially in women

hypocalcemia

condition of deficient calcium in the blood

hypercalcemia

excessive calcium in the blood

hypoglycemia

condition of deficient sugar in the blood

hyperglycemia

excessive sugar in the blood

hypokalemia

condition of deficient potassium in the blood

hyperkalemia

excessive potassium in the blood

hyponatremia

condition of deficient sodium in the blood

hypernatremia

excessive sodium in the blood

paresthesia

abnormal sensation, such as prickling

polydipsia

condition of excessive thirst

polyphagia

condition of excessive appetite

polyuria

condition of excessive urination

tetany

continuous muscle spasms

acromegaly

hypersection of somatotropin from adenohypophysis during adulthood

diabetes insipidus

undersecretion of ADH from the neurohypophysis resulting in polydipsia and polyuria

gigantism

hypersecretion of somatotropin from adenohypophysis during adulthood, leading to excessive growth

growth hormone deficiency (GHD)

somatotropin deficiency due to dysfunction of adenohypophysis during childhood results in dwarfism

panhypopituitarism

deficiency or lack of all pituitary hormones causing hypotension, weight loss, weakness, and loss of libido

syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)

oversecretion of ADH from neurohypophysis leading to the inability to excrete concentrated urine

hyperthyroidism

excessive thyroid hormone production

hypothyroidism

deficient thyroid hormone production

hyperparathyroidism

overproduction of parathyroid hormone

hypoparathyroidism

deficient parathyroid hormone production

addison disease

insufficient secretion of adrenal cortisol from the adrenal cortex is manifested by gastric complaints, hypotension, and dehydration

cushing disease

excessive secretion of cortisol by the adrenal cortex causes symptoms of obesity, leukocytosis, hirsutism, hypokalemia, hyperglycemia, and muscle wasting

hyperinsulinism

oversecretion of insulin

type 1 diabetes

total lack of insulin production resulting in glycosuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, polyuria, blurred vision, fatigue, and frequent infections

type 2 diabetes

deficient insulin production with symptoms similar to type 1 diabetes

pheochromocytoma

usually benign tumor of the adrenal medulla

prolactinoma

most common type of pituitary tumor

thymoma

usually found in a benign form; most common disorder accompanying myasthenia gravis

islet cell carcinoma

pancreatic cancer

malignant thymoma

rare cancer of the thymus gland

thyroid carcinoma

the most common types of thyroid carcinoma are follicular and papillary

computed tomography (CT) scan

may be used to test for bone density in hypoparathyroidism and the size of the adrenal glands in Addison disease

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

may be used to examine changes in the size of soft tissues

radioactive iodine (RAI) uptake scan

may be used to test thyroid function by measuring the gland's ability to concentrate and retain iodine

radiography

x-rays done to examine suspected endocrine changes that affect the density or thickness of bone

ultrasonography (US)

aside from visualizing the pancreas, US may also be used to guide biopsies of the thyroid gland to discern the differences between solid or fluid-filled cysts

A 1 c

measure of average blood glucose during a 3-month time span

fasting blood sugar (FBS)

afer a period of fasting, blood is drawn

glucose tolerance test (GTT)

blood test to measure the body's response to a concentrated glucose solution

hormone tests

measure the amount of antidiuretic hormone, cortisol, growth hormone, or parathyroid hormone in the blood

radioimmunoassay studies (RIA)

nuclear medicine tests used to tag and detect hormones in the blood through the use of radionuclides

thyroid function tests (TFTs)

blood tests done to assess T3, T4, and calcitonin

total calcium

measures the amount of calcium in the blood

urine glucose

used as a screen for or to monitor diabetes mellitus

urine ketones

test to detect presence of ketones in a urine specimen

adrenalectomy

bilateral removal of the adrenal glands to reduce excess hormone secretion

hypophysectomy

excision of the pituitary gland

pancreatectomy

excision of all or part of the pancreas to remove tumor or to treat an intractable inflammation of the pancreas

parathyroidectomy

removal of the parathyroid glands

thyroidectomy

removal of part or all of the thyroid gland to treat goiter, tumors, or hyperthyroidism that does not respond to medication