anorexia
lack of appetite
exophthalmia
protrusion of eyeballs from their orbits
goiter
enlargement of the throid gland, not due to a tumor
hirsutism
abnormal hairness, especially in women
hypocalcemia
condition of deficient calcium in the blood
hypercalcemia
excessive calcium in the blood
hypoglycemia
condition of deficient sugar in the blood
hyperglycemia
excessive sugar in the blood
hypokalemia
condition of deficient potassium in the blood
hyperkalemia
excessive potassium in the blood
hyponatremia
condition of deficient sodium in the blood
hypernatremia
excessive sodium in the blood
paresthesia
abnormal sensation, such as prickling
polydipsia
condition of excessive thirst
polyphagia
condition of excessive appetite
polyuria
condition of excessive urination
tetany
continuous muscle spasms
acromegaly
hypersection of somatotropin from adenohypophysis during adulthood
diabetes insipidus
undersecretion of ADH from the neurohypophysis resulting in polydipsia and polyuria
gigantism
hypersecretion of somatotropin from adenohypophysis during adulthood, leading to excessive growth
growth hormone deficiency (GHD)
somatotropin deficiency due to dysfunction of adenohypophysis during childhood results in dwarfism
panhypopituitarism
deficiency or lack of all pituitary hormones causing hypotension, weight loss, weakness, and loss of libido
syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)
oversecretion of ADH from neurohypophysis leading to the inability to excrete concentrated urine
hyperthyroidism
excessive thyroid hormone production
hypothyroidism
deficient thyroid hormone production
hyperparathyroidism
overproduction of parathyroid hormone
hypoparathyroidism
deficient parathyroid hormone production
addison disease
insufficient secretion of adrenal cortisol from the adrenal cortex is manifested by gastric complaints, hypotension, and dehydration
cushing disease
excessive secretion of cortisol by the adrenal cortex causes symptoms of obesity, leukocytosis, hirsutism, hypokalemia, hyperglycemia, and muscle wasting
hyperinsulinism
oversecretion of insulin
type 1 diabetes
total lack of insulin production resulting in glycosuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, polyuria, blurred vision, fatigue, and frequent infections
type 2 diabetes
deficient insulin production with symptoms similar to type 1 diabetes
pheochromocytoma
usually benign tumor of the adrenal medulla
prolactinoma
most common type of pituitary tumor
thymoma
usually found in a benign form; most common disorder accompanying myasthenia gravis
islet cell carcinoma
pancreatic cancer
malignant thymoma
rare cancer of the thymus gland
thyroid carcinoma
the most common types of thyroid carcinoma are follicular and papillary
computed tomography (CT) scan
may be used to test for bone density in hypoparathyroidism and the size of the adrenal glands in Addison disease
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
may be used to examine changes in the size of soft tissues
radioactive iodine (RAI) uptake scan
may be used to test thyroid function by measuring the gland's ability to concentrate and retain iodine
radiography
x-rays done to examine suspected endocrine changes that affect the density or thickness of bone
ultrasonography (US)
aside from visualizing the pancreas, US may also be used to guide biopsies of the thyroid gland to discern the differences between solid or fluid-filled cysts
A 1 c
measure of average blood glucose during a 3-month time span
fasting blood sugar (FBS)
afer a period of fasting, blood is drawn
glucose tolerance test (GTT)
blood test to measure the body's response to a concentrated glucose solution
hormone tests
measure the amount of antidiuretic hormone, cortisol, growth hormone, or parathyroid hormone in the blood
radioimmunoassay studies (RIA)
nuclear medicine tests used to tag and detect hormones in the blood through the use of radionuclides
thyroid function tests (TFTs)
blood tests done to assess T3, T4, and calcitonin
total calcium
measures the amount of calcium in the blood
urine glucose
used as a screen for or to monitor diabetes mellitus
urine ketones
test to detect presence of ketones in a urine specimen
adrenalectomy
bilateral removal of the adrenal glands to reduce excess hormone secretion
hypophysectomy
excision of the pituitary gland
pancreatectomy
excision of all or part of the pancreas to remove tumor or to treat an intractable inflammation of the pancreas
parathyroidectomy
removal of the parathyroid glands
thyroidectomy
removal of part or all of the thyroid gland to treat goiter, tumors, or hyperthyroidism that does not respond to medication