_(problem) caused by relationship issues,family issues, academic competition, and adjustment to college life is rampant today
psychological distress
what anxiety-inducing campus environment of college is a major contributor of?
major contributor to poor health decisions such as high levels of alcohol consumption and, in turn, to health problems that ultimately affect academic success in life
what humans have to cope?
resiliency
what resiliency is?
a trait that enables us to cope, adapt, and thrive, regardless of life's challenges
how we feel and think about ourselves, those around us, and our environment can tell us a lot about_
our psychological health
what is psychological health? (2)
-the mental, emotional, social, and spiritual dimensions of health
-the sum of how we think, feel, relate, and exist in our day-to-day lives
what is part of psychological health? (6) how we develop them?
-our thoughts, perceptions, emotions, motivations, interpersonal relationships, and behaviors are products of our experiences and the skills we have developed along the way to meet life's challenges
psychological health includes_dimensions (4) describe what each is
-mental (thinking), emotional (feeling),social (relating), and spiritual (being) dimensions
possessing what two characteristics in the 4 dimensions of psychological health can maintain your overall well-being?
-strength and resiliency
list the several basic elements shared by psychologically healthy people (8)
-They feel good about themselves
-They feel comfortable with other people, respect others, and have compassion
-They control tension (stress) and anxiety
-They meet the demands of life
-They curb hate and guilt
-They maintain a positive outlook
-They valu
what is meant by "they feel good about themselves"?
-They are not typically overwhelmed by fear, love, anger, jealousy, guilt, or worry
-They know who they are, have realistic sense of their capabilities, and respect themselves even though they realize they are not perfect
what is meant by "they feel comfortable with other people, respect others, and have compassion"?
-enjoy lasting relationships
-do not take advantage of others or allow others to take advantage of them
-recognize that there are others that have greater needs and take responsibility of fellow human beings
-They can give love and consider others' intere
how healthy people in psychological health deal with tension and anxiety? (3)
-recognize underlying causes and symptoms of stress and anxiety in their lives
-avoid irrational thoughts., hostility, excessive excuse making, and blaming others for their problems
-They use resources and learn skills to control reactions to stressful si
what is meant by "they meet the demands of life"? (3)
-try to solve problems as they arise, accept responsibility, and plan ahead
-set realistic goals, think for themselves, and make independent decisions
-welcome new experiences and know change is inevitable
what is meant by "curb hate and guilt"? (2)
-acknowledge and combat tendencies to respond with anger, thoughtlessness, selfishness, vengefulness, or feeling of inadequacy
-do not knock others aside to get ahead byt reach out to help others
what is meant by "they maintain a positive outlook"? (3)
-they approach each day with a presumption that things will go well
-look future with enthusiasm
-fun making time for themselves are integral parts of their lives
what is meant by "they value diversity"? (2)
-they do not feel threatened by those of different race, gender, religion, sexual orientation, ethnicity, or political party
-they are nonjudgmental and do not force their beliefs and values on others
what is meant by "they appreciate and respect nature"? (3)
-they enjoy surroundings
-are conscious of their place in universe
-act responsibly to preserve their environment
psychologists argued that before we can achieve any of the above characteristics of psychologically healthy people, what we must do? what is the name of the theory and person that describe this idea?
-we must meet certain basic human needs
-"hierarchy of needs" by Abraham Maslow
what are the 5 levels of hierarchy needs theory? explain each
1st. survival needs: food, sleep, water, exercise, sexual expression
2nd. security needs: shelter, safety, protection
3rd. social needs: sense of belonging, affection, acceptance
4th. esteem needs: self-respect and respect for others, accomplishment
5th.
what Hierarchy needs theory states? (2)
-according to Maslow's theory, a person's needs must be met at each of these levels before he or she can be truly healthy
-failure to meet one of the lower-level needs will interfere with a person's ability to address higher-level needs
give example how hierarchy needs theory applies to a homless person or worried about threats
someone who is homeless or worried about threats from violence will be unable to focus on fulfilling social, esteem, or actualization needs
Maslow believed people are more likely to behave badly if they are_
frustated by a lack of need fulfillment
describe in sum psychologically healthy people
-they are emotionally, mentally, socially, and spiritually resilient
-They usually respond to challenges and frustrations in appropriate ways, despite occasional slips
-When they do slip, they recognize it and take action to rectify the situation
describe the characteristics of an psychologically unhealthy person (5)
-no zest for life; pessimistic/cynical most of the time; spiritually down
-laughs, but at others. has little fun
-Has serious bouts of depression, "down" and tired much of time, has suicidal thoughts
-A "challenge" to be around, socially isolated
-Experie
describe the characteristics of a psychologically healthy person
-possess zes for life; spiritually healthy and intellectually thriving
-High energy, resilient, enjoys challenges, focused
-Realistic sense of self and others, sound coping skills, open-minded
-adapts to change easily, sensitive to others and environment
what two things are important aspects of psychological health? (2)
-learning how to assess your own health and take action to help yourself are important aspects of psychological health
mental health (what it is and what 3 things includes)
-the thinking part or rational dimension of psychological health, includes your values, attitudes, and beliefs
what are the characteristics of a mentally healthy person? what is a subset of mental health? (5)
-perceives life in realistic ways
-can adapt to change
-can develop rational strategies to solve problems
-can carry out personal and professional responsibilities
-has intellectual ability to sort though information, messages, and life events; attach mea
emotional health (what it is and what includes)
-The feeling part of psychological health, includes emotional reactions to life
the subjective side of psychological health is _
emotional health
emotions
intensified feelings or complex patterns of feelings that we experience on a regular basis
what are examples of emotions? (5)
-love
-hate
-frustration
-anxiety
-joy
emotions are described as the interplay of four components:
-psychological arousal
-feelings
-cognitive (thought) processes
-behavioral reactions
as rational beings, how are we suppose to deal with our emotions?
-as rational beings, we are responsible for evaluating our emotional responses, the environment that is causing them, and the appropriateness of our actions
what are the characteristics of emotional healthy people? (4)
-usually respond appropriately to upsetting events. Rather than reacting in an extreme fashion or behaving inconsistently or offensively
-they can express feelings
-communicate with others
-show emotions in appropriate ways
what emotionally unhealthy people main characteristic is?
-they are much more likely to let their feelings overpower them
-they may be highly volatile and prone to unpredictable emotional responses, which may be follower by inappropriate communication or actions
emotional intelligence (3)
-The ability to ID, use, understand, manage your emotions in positive and constructive ways
-Ability to identify, monitor, and manage one's own emotions and to understand those of others. Recognize your own emotional state and the emotional states of othe
emotional intelligence consists of 4 core abilities:
-self-awareness
-self-management
-relationship management
-social awareness
what are 3 benefits of developing or increasing your emotional intelligence?
-can help you build strong relationships, succeed at work, and achieve your goals
emotional health affects_(2 other healths) ex?
-social and intellectual health
ex: if feel hostile, withdrawn, or moody you may become socially isolated. Friends may avoid you. Can affect academic performance of student by affecting ability to think, reason, and act rationally.
social health (definition and includes (3))
-aspect of psychological health that includes interactions with others, ability to use social supports, and ability to adapt to various social situations
describe a socially healthy individual (7)
-enjoy a wide range of interactions with family, friends, and acquaintances
-are able to have healthy interactions with an intimate partners
-can listen
-express themselves
-form healthy attachments
-act in socially acceptable and responsible ways
-find t
numerous studies have documented the importance of positive relationships with family members, friends, and significant others in overall _(2, how beneficial to your health)
-well-being and longevity
social bonds
-degree and nature of interpersonal contacts
social bonds reflect_(what show) and are _(characteristic)
reflect the level of closeness and attachment that we develop with individuals and are the very foundation of human life
what social bonds provide? (5)
-intimacy
-feeling of belonging
-reassurance of one's worth
-assistance and guidance
-advice
social bonds take multiple forms, the most common of which are_(2)
-social support
-community engagements
how do others influence my psychological well-being? give example
-your outlook on life is determined in part by your social and cultural surroundings, and the positive and negative nature of your social bonds can strongly affect you sense of well-being
-in particular, your family members shape your psychological health
social support
Network of people and services with whom you share ties and from whom you get support
what kind of support the ties of social support can give? give examples of each
-tangible support: babysitting services or money to help pay the bills
-intangible support: encouraging you to share intimate thoughts
sometimes support can be felt as_
perceiving that someone would be there for us in a crisis
what is the relation between quality of social bond and social support?
-the closer and the higher the quality of social bond, the more likely a person is to ask for and receive social support
List the description of strong social support (4)
-being cared for and loved, with shared intimacy
-being esteemed and valued; having a sense of self-wroth
-Sharing companionship, communication, and mutual obligations with others; having a sense of belonging
-having "informal" support--access to informat
social health also reflects the way we_
react to others (interpersonal relationships)
it is possible to be mentally, emotionally, and socially healthy and still not achieve optimal psychologically well-being, why?
-we are missing spiritual health
-for many people, the difficult-to-describe element that gives purpose to life is the spiritual dimension
how spirituality relates to religion? include definition of spirituality
the term spirituality is broader in meaning than religion and is described as an individual's sense of purpose and meaning in life; it goes beyond material values
-spirituality may be practiced in many ways, including through religion; however, religion d
spiritual health (2)
-aspect of psychological health that relates to having a sense of meaning and purpose to one's life , as well as a feeling of connection with others and with nature
spiritual health refers to what kind of belonging? give examples (3)
-refers to the sense of belonging to something greater than the purely physical and personal dimensions of existence
-for some this force is nature, connection to other people, the unifying force is God or other higher power
psychological health is the product of_
-many influences throughout our lives
what are some factors that can influence psychological health? (3 external and 3 internal)
-family
-social supports
-community you live
-it can be also shaped by sense of self-efficacy and self-esteem, personality, and developmental stage
what has a significant influence on psychological development? how? what ages?
family. the messages we receive about ourselves from our families as we go through childhood and adolescence
what healthy families help develop of psychological health? (4)
-cognitive and social skills necessary to solve problems
-express emotions in socially acceptable ways
-manage stress
-develop a sense of self-worth and purpose
children raised in healthy, nurturing homes are more likely to become_
well adjusted, productive adults. We are better prepared to deal with the outside world if we have close peers or adults who are positive models for us.
what is family role in adult life?
-in adulthood, family support is one of the best predictors of health and happiness
dysfunctional families (4)
-families in which there is violence; physical, emotional, or sexual abuse; parental discord; or other negative family interactions
how are children that were raised in dysfunctional families? (2)
-they may have a harder time adapting to life and may run an increased risk of psychological problems
in dysfunctional families _(3) may be so lacking that children become psychologically damaged
-love
-security
-unconditional trust
will being raised in a functional vs dysfunctional family will result in the same results?
-yet not all people raised in dysfunctional families become psychologically unhealthy, and not all people from healthy environments become well adjusted
what is our initial social support? what are as we grow up?
our initial social support may be provided by family members, but as we grow and develop, the support of peers and friends becomes more and more important
what is the role of friends as social support? (what help us or teach us)
-we rely on friends to help us figure out who we are and what we want to do with our lives
a recent study of college students clearly demonstrated that the availability of_predicted overall well-being
-social support (sense of belonging)
how communities can have a positive impact on our psychological health?
-the community we live in can have a positive health on our psychological health through collective actions
ex: neighbors get together to get rid of trash in street, neighborhood watch to keep children safe, help each other in home repairs and organize co
_(3 organizations) can also engage in efforts that demonstrate support and caring for community members
-clinics
-schools
-religious institutions
in college, the community can support and care for your psychological health by creating what kind of environment?
creating a safe environment to explore and develop your mental, emotional, social, and spiritual dimensions
how the believed shaped by external things (like friends, athletics, failure/success in school, jobs, relationships) in turb become internal influences on our psychological health? (2)
-self-efficacy
-self-esteem
self-efficacy
-belief in one's ability to perform a task successfully
-a person's belief about whether he or she can successfully engage in and execute a specific behavior
self-esteem
-refers to one's realistic sense of self-respect or self-worth
people with high levels of self-efficacy and self-esteem tend to _ (how see life)
express a positive outlook on life
how self-esteem results?
results from the relationships we have with our parents and family growing up; with friends as we grow older; with our significant others as we form intimate relationships; and with teachers, coworkers, and others throughout our lives
what you can do to build up your self-efficacy and self-esteem?
-pay attention to your own needs and wants. listen to what your body, mind, and heart tell you
-Make a list of things that make you happy and do something from that list every day
-Do things you are good at and enjoy the satisfaction in a job well done
-D
what are the sings of vanity and narcissism of over self-esteem? (3)
-have an exaggerated investment in self image
-need for constant compliments
-sense of feeling entitled to to special treatment in life
Generation Y may have overdosed self-esteem. why?
-by growing up in an environment where nobody fails and everyone is gifted
how percentage of narcissim increased in college students as discussed by Dr. Jean Twenge? what is enforcing narcissism?problem with this?
-college students took the Narcissistic Personality Inventory
-in 1982 1/3 of students scored above average on narcissism test
-in 2006 over 65 percent did
-twitter, facebook and youtube are enforcing narcissism
-self-worth is measured by number of follow
people who never fail and have extremely high levels of self-esteem might be more prone to_
-anger, aggression, and other negative behaviors when others do not praise them or meet their needs for instant gratification
healthy self-esteem is important for what?
-positive growth and development
Psychologist Martin Seligman proposed that people who continually experience failure may develop a pattern of response known as_in which what they do?
-learned helplessness
-in which they give up and fail to take action to help themselves
learned helplessness
-pattern of responding to situations by giving up because of repeated failure in the past
why learned helplessness develops? As explained by Seligman. what can affect ultimately?
Seligment ascribes that this response is part to society's tendency toward victimology (blaming one's problems on other people and circumstances)
-viewing ourselves as victims may make us feel better temporarily, it does not address the underlying causes
self-help programs use elements of Seligman's principle of _. The basis of this programs is the idea that we can_
-learned optimism
-teahc ourselves to be optimistic
learned optimism
teaching oneself to think positively
how can we apply the principle of learned optimism? (3)
-by changing our self-talk, examining our reactions, and blocking negative thoughts, we can "unlearn" negative thought processes that have become habitual
your_is the unique mix of characteristics that distinguish you from others
personality
_(4) influence how each person develops personality, and personality determines _(3)
-heredity, environment, culture, experience
-determines how we react to challenges of life, interpret our feelings, and resolve conflicts
_% of Americans are extroverted, as measured by the Myers-Briggs Type indicator personality test
75%
most recent schools of psychological theory are promoting what idea about personality?
-the idea that we have the power to understand our behavior and to change it, thus molding our own personalities
one way to examine personality is by looking at traits that are associated with_
psychological health
list the personality traits that are often related to psychological well-being (6)
-extroversion
-agreeableness
-openness to experience
-emotional stability
-conscientiousness
-resiliency
describe the personality trait that is related to psychological well-being: Extroversion
-the ability to adapt to a social situation and demonstrate assertiveness as well as power or interpersonal involvement
describe the personality trait that is related to psychological well-being: agreeableness
--the ability to conform, be likable, and demonstrate friendly compliance and love
describe the personality trait that is related to psychological well-being: openness to experience (what it is and other name)
-the willingness to demonstrate curiosity and independence (also referred to as inquiring intellect)
describe the personality trait that is related to psychological well-being: Emotional stability
ability to maintain emotional control
describe the personality trait that is related to psychological well-being: conscientiousness
-the qualities of being dependable and demonstrating self-control, discipline, and a need to achieve
describe the personality trait that is related to psychological well-being: resiliency
the ability to adapt to change and stressful events in healthy and flexible ways
is laughter the best medicine?
-research is inconclusive regarding whether laughing actually improves your health, but we have all experienced a sense of well-being that a good laugh can bring
-Regardless of whether it actually increases blood sugar levels, or facilitates better sleep,
our temperaments are largely determined by_, as we age, we learn to control the volatile emotions of youth and channel our feelings in a more acceptable way
genetics
what are two transitions to maturity?
-moving to college
-graduation of college
The transition of moving out of house because of college and become independent is easier to those who have successfully accomplished what developmental tasks? (4)
-learning how to solve problems
-make and evaluation decisions
-define and adhere to personal values
-establish both casual and intimate relationships
what is another transition for many into adulthood and further independence? what ensures an easier transition? (2)
-graduation of college
-anticipating an adjustment period and creating new patterns
what is at the core of mind-body connection?
psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)
Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)
the study of interactions of behavioral, neural, and endocrine functions and the functioning of the body's immune system
one area of study that appears to be particularly promising in enhancing psychical health is_because_
-happiness
-this emotion can have a profound impact on the body
happiness
a collective term for several positive states in which individuals actively embrace the world around term
how Happiness or related mental states such as hopefulness, optimism, and contentment appear help your health?
they appear to reduce the risk or limit the severity of cardiovascular disease, pulmonary disease, diabetes, hypertension, colds, and other infections
what laughter can promote that is good for your health?
-promote increases in heart and respiration rates and can reduce levels of stress hormones in much the same way as light exercise can
-For this reason, it is promoted for people with hypertension and other forms of cardiovascular disease
subjective well-being (2) (what includes?)
-an uplifting feeling of inner peace
-overall "feel-good" state, which includes happiness
subjective-well being is defined by 3 central components:
-satisfaction with present life
-relative presence of positive emotions
-relative absence of negative emotions
You do not have to be happy all time to have it.
people with high levels of subjective-well being are typically_
-resilient
-are able to look positive side and get back on track fairly quickly and less likely to fall into despair over setbacks
scientists suggest that some people may be_to happiness. explain how
-biologically predispose
-variants of a gene influenced how satisfied or dissatisfied people were with their lives and their overall levels of happiness
-happiness is partially influenced by genetics
what is a way to develop happiness?
by practicing positive psychological actions
list strategies for things you can do to incorporate positive psychology principles into your own life
Using positive psychology to enhance happiness:
1. check yourself: stop and evaluate what you are thinking and try to spin negative thoughts into positive
2. Use your sense of humor: smile and laugh, especially in thought times. Laugh at life.
3. Follow a
how to get a psychological health?
involves attaining self-fulfillment of the four dimensions of psychological health
what are some strategies to have good psychological health? (5, in general)
-build self-efficacy and self-esteem
-understanding and controlling emotions
-maintaining support networks
-learning to solve problems and making decisions
-manage stress
list things you can do to have good psychological health (7)
-develop a support system
-complete required tasks
-form realistic expectations
-make time for you
-maintain physical health
-Examine problems and seek help when necessary
-get adequate sleep
how develop a support system can help you? (3)
-promote self-esteem through a support system of peers and other who share your values
-Members of support system can make you feel good about yourself and force you to take an honest look at your actions and choices
-keep contact with old friends and fam
how complete required tasks can help you?
-boost your sense of self-efficacy is to learn new skills and develop a history of success
what form realistic expectations consists of?
set small, incremental goals that you can actually meet
what can help you in your self esteem? (3)
-make time for you
-develop support system
-examine problems and seek help when necessary
what can help you in your self-efficacy?
-complete required tasks
regular exercise fosters a sense of_
well-being and improves mental health
what is a key factor in physical and psychological health? why?
-get enough sleep on a daily basis
-bodies need rest and restores supplies of many neurotransmitters that we can use up during our waking hours
how many US adults suffer from a diagnosable mental disorder in any given year? out of thse, what percent (and what in what range) of those suffer from a serious mental illness requiring close monitoring, residential care and medication?
-57.7 million
-6% or 1 in 17
why should I care about mental health? who has this problems?
mental health problems can affect people of any age and have a huge impact on the kind of life you lead (success in academics, career, and relationships, ability to function and enjoy life)
-mental health concerns are so prevalent among college students
what contribute to mental health problems? (10)
-stress
-abusive relationships
-anxiety
-loneliness
-financial upheavals
-traumatic events
-chemical imbalances
-drug interactions
-trauma
-neurological disruptions and other physical problems can contribute to mental health problems
mental illnesses
-disorders that disrupt thinking, feeling, moods, and behaviors, and that impair daily functioning
mental illnesses are believed to be caused by what factors? (3)
-biochemical
-genetic
-environmental
risk factors for developing or triggering mental illnesses include the following: (8)
-having other biological relatives with mental illness
-malnutrition or exposure to viruses while in womb
-stressful life situations: financial problems , loved one's death, or divorce
-chronic medical conditions: cancer
-combat
-taking psychoactive drugs
what is the basis for diagnosing mental disorders in US?
-Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edition)
signals: DSM-IV-TR
an estimated _% of Americans aged 18 and older-about_in_adults--suffer from a diagnosable mental disorder in a given year, and nearly half of them have _
-26.2
-1 in 4 adults
-have more than one mental illness at the same itme
what is the leading cause of disability in the United States and Canada for people aged 15 to 44?
Mental disorders
mental health problems are common among what group of society?
college students
the most recent National Acollege Health Assessment survey found that approximately _in_undergraduates reported feeling so depressed it was difficult to function at least once in the past year, just over _% of students reported seriously considering attem
-1 in 3
-6%
what percentage of students met criteria for moderate to severe depression?
41%
what are the mental illnesses mos common among college students? (4)
-mood disorders
-anxiety disorders
-personality disorders
-schizophrenia
list chronic mood disorders (4)
-major depression
-dysthymic disorder
-bipolar disorder
-seasonal affective disorder
chronic mood disorders
-disorder that affects how you feel, persistent sadness or feelings of euphoria
-experience of persistent emotional states, such as sadness, despair, and hopelessness
in any given year, approximately _% of Americans aged 18 or older suffer from mood disorder
10%
what is the most common mood disorder?
major depression
major depression (other name and definition and 2 types of effects on health)
-also called clinical depression
-severe depressive disorder with physical effects such as sleep disturbance and exhaustion, mental effects such as the inability to concentrate
how we know is major depression? (include what is not major depression)
-it is not the same as feeling down after negative experience or something can be wished away or ignored
-it is characterized by a combination of many symptoms that interfere with work, study, sleep, and enjoyment of life
how many american adults are affected by major depression and what percentage of US population?
14.8 million or 7% of US population
what are the main 2 symptoms of depression?
-sadness
-despair
what are other common signs of major depression?
-sadness and despair
-loss of motivation or interest in pleasurable activities
-preoccupation with failures and inadequacies; concern over what others are thinking
-difficulty concentrating; indecisiveness; memory lapses
-loss of sex drive or interest in
what gender is most likely to experience depression? why? (3)
-women are almost twice as likely as men to experience depression
-hormonal changes may be one factor; face multiple stressors because of many responsibilities; coping strategies because men try to distract from depressed mood and women focus on it.
depression of men is often masked by_
-alcohol or drug abuse
-working excessively
how depressed man act? (3)
-irritable, angry, discouraged
men are less likely to_
admit they are depressed
how depression can affect men's physical health differently? (2)
-although depression is associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease in both men and women, it is also associated with a higher risk of death by heart disease in men
-are more likely and successful to suicide (suicide rates among depressed
today depression in what age grow has increased? what in what have it? what ages? what experience?
-children. with 1 in 10 children between ages of 6 and 12 experiencing persistent feelings of sadness (hallmark of depression)
by adolescence and young adulthood, what gender experiences more depression? what causes this? (3)
-girls experience more depression than boys do
-biological and hormonal changes; suffer with self-esteem, perceptions of success, and approval; increase in girls' exposure to traumas (childhood sexual abuse)
as adults reach their middle and older years, how they are emotionally and related to depression?
-they are emotionally stable and lead active and satisfying lives
-however, when depression occur, it is often undiagnosed or untreated particularly low income people
how is depression in people older than 65 years old?
depression is considered to be the most common mental disorder of people aged 65 and older
how are rates of depression among latino, african american, and asian american/pacific islander populations and why?
-they are difficult to determine because members have difficulty accessing mental health services due to economic barriers, social and cultural differences, and language barriers
what is the likeliness to be diagnosed with depression in white vs other racial groups?
when whites report depression symptoms to a health care provider, they are more likely to be officially diagnosed with depression than other races (76%)
what mental health disorder is common in college students? how this can be problematic?
-mental health problems, particularly depression, have gained increased recognition as major obstacles to success and healthy adjustment
what percentage the american college health association found about the number of students having been diagnosed with depression?
10%
what specific type of students are more likely to get depression? why?
-international students
-being far from home without security of family and friends
what are the symptoms of depression?
-there is more to depression than simply feeling blue. When a person is clinically depressed, he or she finds it difficult to function, sometimes struggling just to get out of bed in the morning or to follow a conversation
what age is the media age of onset for mood disorders?
30 years old
dysthymic disorder (other name, what it is, how easy to recognize, length, characterized by what symptoms (3))
-dysthymia
-less severe syndrome of chronic mild depression
-type of depression that is milder and harder to recognize than major depression; chornic; and often characterized by fatigue, pessimism, or a short temper
people in dysthymia may _ (how disorder progresses over time
-cycle into major depression
For a diagnosis of dysthymic disorder, how long symptoms must persist? (adult vs children)
-symptoms must persist for at least 2 years in adults (1 year in children)
what percent of US population aged 18 and older in a given year is affected by dysthymic disorder?
approx 1.5% (3.3 million American adults)
bipolar disorder (other name and definition)
-also called maniac depression
-form of mood disorder characterized by altering mania and depression
-have severe mood swings, ranging from extreme highs (mania) to extreme lows (depression)
-sometimes these swings are dramatic and rapid and other times a
how bipolar people are in maniac phase?
-people may be overactive, talkative, and have tons of energy
how bipolar people are in the depressed phase?
in the depressed phase, they may experience some or all the symptoms of major depression
what is the cause of bipolar disorders?
-us unknown
-biological, genetic, and environmental factors;
what is the treatment to bipolarity and how is their live?
-there are several counseling and pharmaceutical options, and most will be able to live a healthy, functional life while being treated
bipolar disorder affects _million of US adults, representing _percent of population
-5.7 million
-2.6%
seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
-another form of depression
-type of depression that occurs in the winter months, when sunlight levels are low
-associated with reduced exposure to sunlight
people with seasonal affective disorder SAD suffer from_(5)
-irritability
-apathy
-carbohydrate craving and weight gain
-increased sleep time
-general sadness
what are the body factors that are implicated in seasonal affective disorder SAD development? (2)
-disruption in the body's circadian rhythms
-changes in levels of hormone melatonin and the brain chemical seratonin
what is the most beneficial treatment for seasonal affective disorder SAD? what are the others? (6)
-Most beneficial: is light therapy (exposes patients to lamps that simulate sunlight)
-diet change (eating more complex carbohydrates)
-increased exercise
-stress-management techniques
-sleep restriction (limiting hours of sleep)
-psychotherapy
-prescript
80% of patients of seasonal affective disorder SAD experience relief from their symptoms within_days
4 days
what causes mood disorders? (5)
-mood disorders are caused by interaction between multiple factors, including biological differences, hormones, inherited traits, life events, and early childhood trauma
the biology of mood disorders is related to individual levels of _ (where located in the body and what are)
brain chemicals called neurotransmitters
several types of depression, including bipolar disorder, appear to have_component
genetic component
what is another triggers of depression? (4)
-serious loss
-difficult relationships
-financial problems
-pressure to succeed
why early childhood trauma can cause depression?
-such as loss of parent, may cause permanent changes in the brain, making one more prone to depression
changes in body's _can be accompanied by mental changes, particularly depression. ex?
physical health
ex: stroke, heart attack, cancer, parkinson's disease, chornic pain, type 2 diabetes, certain medications, alcohol, hormonal disorders, and a wide range of other afflictions can cause a person to become depressed, frustrated, or angry
_are the number one mental health problem in the United States. affecting more than _% of all adults what is another title for this disease in a specific age group? (include percentage)
-anxiety disorders
-18%
-anxiety is also a leading mental health problem among adolescents, affecting 25.1% of Americans aged 13 to 18. among US undergraduates, approx 11% report being diagnose with or treated for anxiety in the past year
anxiety disorders
mental illness characterized by persistent feelings of threat and worry in coping with everyday problems
list the types of anxiety disorders (5)
-generalized anxiety disorder
-panic disorder
-phobic disorder
-obsessive-compulsive disorder
-post-traumatic stress disorder
about 1 in 3 people with panic disorder develops _(what disorder and explain it)
-agoraphobia, a condition in which the person becomes afraid of being in any place or situation, such as crowd or a wide-open space, where escape might be difficult in the event of a panic attack
what is the disease in which costs (medical costs and workplace losses) associated with it are increasing?
anxiety
what is the common form of anxiety disorder?
generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
-a constant sense of worry that may cause restlessness, difficult in concentrating, tension, and other symptoms
generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) person develops a _level of anxiety
debilitating
to be diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) one must exhibit at least three of the following symptoms for more days than not during a _-month period (5)
-6 month period
-restlessness or feeling keyed up or on edge-being easily fatigued
-difficulty concentrating or mind going blank
-irritability
-muscle tension
-sleep disturbances
generalized anxiety disorder often _ (how can get it) (origin or source)
runs in families
panic disorders are characterized by occurrence of_
panic attacks
panic attack (2)
-severe anxiety reaction in which a particular situation, often for unknown reason, causes terror
-the anxiety reaction brings on an intense phsyical reaction
what are the two ends of how severe a panic attack can be?
-you may dismiss the feelings as jitters from too much stress, or the reaction may be so severe that you fear you will have a heart attack and die
approx _%of Americans aged 18 and older experience panic attacks, usually in early adulthood. They are increasing in incidence, particularly among_(what group of age and gender)
-4.7%
-young women
how panic attacks can be for a persons life? (affect)
-they are highly treatable but may become debilitating and destructive, particularly if they happen often and cause the person to avoid going out in public or interacting with others
how panic attacks works?
-a panic attack typically starts abruptly, peaks within 10 minutes, lasts about 30 minutes, and leaves the person tired and drained
what are symptoms of panic attacks? (8)
-increased respiration
-chills
-hot flashes
-shortened of breath
-stomach cramps
-chest pain
-difficulty swallowing
-sense of doom or impending death
what causes panic attacks? (4)
-although researchers are not sure what causes panic attacks, heredity, stress, and certain biochemical factors may play a role
-some researchers believe that people who suffer panic attacks are experiencing an overreactive fight-or-flight physical respon
chances of having a panic attack increase if_
close relative has them
phobias (other name and definition)
-phobic disorders
-deep, persistent, and irrational fear of specific object, activity, or situation that results in a compelling desire to avoid the source of the fear
-irrational fear, often out of proportion to the circumstances
about _% of American adults suffer from specific phobias, like_(3)
-9%
-spiders, snakes, or public speaking
social phobia (other name and definition)
-social anxiety disorder
-phobia characterized by fear and avoidance of social situations
why a person would have social phobia? (3)
-because of fear of being humiliated, embarrassed, or even looked at
ex: fear of talking in front of class to avoid all contact with others
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
form of anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, unwanted thoughts and repetitive behavior
give examples of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) (4)
-people who feel compelled to perform rituals over and over again
-who are fearful of dirt and contamination
-who have unnatural concern about order and symmetry and exactness
-who have persistent intrusive thoughts that they cannot shake
how many Americans have obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)? what percent?
-approx 2 million of Americans aged 18 and over (1 percent) have this
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has not to be confused with_. why?
-perfectionist because a person with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) often knows the behaviors are irrational, yet is powerless to stop them
for a person to be diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), what must be met?
-the obsessions must consume more than 1 hours per day and interfere with normal social or life activities
what are the causes of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?
although the exact cause is unknown, genetics, biological abnormalities, learned behaviors, and environmental factors have all been considered
when obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) starts? (age)
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) usually begins in adolescence or early adulthood; the media age of onset is 19
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
collection of symptoms that may occur as a delayed response to a traumatic event or series of events
what are reasons to develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)? (6)
-people who have served in combat or have experienced or witnessed a natural disaster, serious accident, violent assault, terrorist incident, or other traumatic life event may develop it
the lifetime risk of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is nearly_%in the United States, with rates as high as _%in strife-torn regions of the world
-7%
-30%
who has high rates of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?
-combat soldiers
-ranging from 17 percent of those who fought in Iraq and Afghanistan to more than 30 percent of those who returned from Vietnam
symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) include:
-dissociation, or perceived detachment of the mind from the emotional state or even the body
-intrusive recollections of the traumatic event, such as flashbacks, nightmares,and recurrent thoughts or images
-acute anxiety or nervousness, in which the perso
when post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is diagnosed?
although the symptoms may be appropriate as initial responses to traumatic events, PTSD may be diagnosed if a person experiences them for at least 1 month following the traumatic event. in some cases, symptoms do not appear until months or even years late
what causes anxiety disorders?
-because anxiety disorders vary in complexity and degree, there is not clear reasons why one person develops them and another does not
what are the factors that often cited as possible causes of anxiety disorders? (list them) (3)
-biology
-environment
-social and cultural roles
what biology consists as a factor that leads to anxiety disorders? (what is the origin of anxiety disorders, what medical procedure is used to study this, what is a common biology cause of having anxiety disorders)
-origin of anxiety is traced to the brain and its functioning
-Positron-emission tomography (PET) scans, analyze areas of the brain that react during anxiety-producing events
-families appear to display similar brain and physiological creativity, so we ma
what environment consists as a factor that leads to anxiety disorders?ex?
-anxiety can be a learned response because experiencing a repeated pattern of reaction to certain situations programs the brain to respond in a certain way
ex: mom screamed always when saw a spider or other anxiety-raising event occurred frequently, you m
what social and cultural roles consists as a factor that leads to anxiety disorders? ex with gender?
-cultural and social roles also may be a factor in risk for anxiety
-because men and women are taught to assume different roles (such as men as protector, women as victim), women may find it more acceptable to scream, tremble, or otherwise express extreme
personality disorder (according to DSM-IV-TR what it is? definition)
-according to DSM-IV-TR: enduring patterns of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectation of the individual's culture and is pervasive and inflexible
-mental disorder characterized by inflexible patterns or thoughts and belie
it is estimated that _% of adults in the US have some form of personality disorder as defined by DSM-IV-TR
10%
people who live, work, or are in a relationship with indviduals suffering from personality disorders often find interactions with them to be _
challenging and destructive
list the types of personality disorder (3)
-paranoid personality disorder
-narcissistic personality disorder
-borderline personality disorder (BPD)
what is a common type of personality disorder?
-paranoid personality disorder
paranoid personality disorder
-involves pervasive, unfounded suspicion and mistrust of other people, irrational jealously, and secretiveness
persons with paranoid personality disorder what believe?
they have delusions of being persecuted by everyone, from family members and loved ones to the government
narcissistic personality disorder
personality disorder that involve an exaggerated sense of self-importance ans self-absorption
how are people that suffer fo narcissistic personality disorder?
-persons with narcissistic personalities are preoccupied with fantasies of how wonderful they are
-They are overly needy and demanding and believe that they are "entitled" to nothing by the best
borderline personality disorder (BPD) (definition and examples (4))
-is characterized by impulsiveness and risky behaviors such as gambling sprees, unsafe sex, use of illicit drugs, and daredevil driving
how are people that suffer of borderline personality disorder (BPD)? (3)
-suferers have unstable moods and can experience erratic mood swings
-other characteristics include reality distortion and the tendency to see things in only black-and-white terms
70 to 80% of persons diagnoes with borderline personality disorder (BPD) engage in _
self-injury
self-injury (in what mental disorder is found, definition and other names (3))
-experiment inborderline personality disorder (BPD)
-deliberately mutilate or harm their own body such as cutting and burning as way to cope with emotions
-intentionally causing injury to one's own body in an attempt to cope with overwhelming negative emo
popular name of people that perfomr self-injury
cutting
self-injury is an attempt at_(what it is and what it is not)
-attempt at coping; it is not an attempt at suicide
common methods of self-harm? (7)
-cutting (most common)
-burning
-bruising
-excessive nail biting
-breaking bones
-pulling out hair
-embedding sharp objects under the skin
what is the estimate of how many americans have engaged in self-harm?
-between 2 and 8 million Americans have engaged in self-harm at some point in their lives
prevalence of self-harm is in what group of people?
-college students
people that experienced what two things harm themselves? (self-injury) (2)
--suffer from large mental health conditions like borderline personality disorder, depression, anxiety disorders, substance abuse disorders, post-traumatic stress disorders, and eating disorders
-experienced sexual, physical, or emotional abuse as childre
what are other symptoms for self-injury or self-harm? (5)
-cuts, abrasion, or unexplainable wounds (use long sleeves and pants)
-difficult handling anger
-social withdrawal
-sensitivity to rejection
-body alienation
how is treatment for self-injury?
-it is done by a profesional
-treatment is challenging because not only must the self-injurous behavior needs to be stopped but the sufferer must also learn to recognize and manage the feelings that triggered the behavior
-start to being aware of feelings
what is the most frightening psychological disorder?
schizophrenia
schizophrenia (what it is, origins, what consist of)
-mental illness with biological origins characterized by irrational behavior, severe alterations of the senses (auditory and visual hallucinations), and often an inability to function in society
what percentage of US population is affected by schizophrenia?
-1%
what characterize the disease of schizophrenia? (4)
-alterations of senses (auditory and visual hallucinations)
-inability to sort and process incoming stimuli and make appropriate responses
-altered sense of self
-radical changes in emotions. movements. and behaviors
what are symptoms of schizophrenia?
--fluctuating courses of delusional behavior
-hallucinations
-incoherent and rambling speech
-inability to think logically
-erratic movement
-odd gesturing
-difficulty with normal activities of daily living
schizophrenia individuals are regarded as_(3)
-odd and dangerous, and viewed that way, they have difficulties in social interactions and may withdraw
reason for schizophrenia? (what was thought before and today)
-it was believed it was environmentally provoked form of madness blamed by abnormal family interactions or early childhood traumas
-by using magnetic resonance imagining (MRI) and PET scans, scientits were able to study brain more closely. schizophrenia w
what are possible reasons for brain damage that leads to schizophrenia? (2)
-fetal exposure to toxic substances, infections, or medications has been studied as possible risk
-hereditary links
-environmental theories have been discarded by families of people of schizophrenia frequently experience anger and guilt
when schizophrenia symptoms appear in men vs women?
-men: in their late teens and twenties
-women: in their late twenties and early thirties
how is schizophrenia treated?
-schizophrenia is treated but no curable
-combination of hospitalization, medication, and psychotherapy (supportive psychotherapy)
brain activity_in schizophrenia patients that are not treated
decreases (reduction of brain activity)
each year there are more than _reported suicides in the US, but experts estimate that there may actually be closer to_cases; the discrepancy is due to difficulty in determining the cause of many suspicious deaths
-34.000
-100,000
suicide is the_leading cause of death for 15 to 24 year old and the_leading cause of death for 5to 14 year olds. The other two main diseases that cause deaths are behind_(2 diseases)
-3rd
-5ht
-cancer and cardiovascular disease
_(specific population) are more likely than general population to attempt suicide. suicide is the_leading cause of death in_(location).
-college students
-2nd
-college campuses
90% of people who kill themselves have a_(disease)
diagnosable mental disorder, most commonly a depressive disorder or a substance abuse disorder
risk factors for suicide include_(7)
-family history of suicide
-previous suicide attempts
-excessive drug and alcohol use
-prolonged depression
-financial difficulties
-serious illness in oneself or a loved one
-loss of a loved one through death or rejection
suicide is the_leading cause of death for men and _leading cause of death for women. who is most likely to die and more likely to attempt suicide?
-7th
-15th
-4 times men than women
what are the 3 most common methods of suicide? gender differences (which gender is most likely of commiting suicide with what method?)
-firearms (men twice most likely than women to commit suicide with firearms)
-suffocation
-poison (women are 3 times most likely to commit suicide by poisoning)
in most cases, suicide does not occur_. explain
-unpredictably
-75 to 80% of people who commit suicide give an indication of their intentions, though the warnings are not always recognized
common signs that a person may be contemplating suicide include: (12)
-recent loss and seeming inability to let go of grief
-history of depression
-change in personality, such as sadness, withdrawal, irritability, anxiety, tiredness, indecisiveness, apathy
-change in behavior, such as inability to concentrate, loss of inter
most people what are thinking when try to attempt suicide?
most people who attempt suicide really want to live but see death as the only way out of an intolerable situation
what are way to prevent suicide? (3)
-crisis counselors and suicide hotlines may help temporarily, but the best way to prevent suicide is to get rid of conditions and substances that may precipitate attempts, including alcohol, drugs, loneliness, isolation, and access to guns
what should I do if someone I know is suicidal?
-if you notice warning signs of suicide in someone, take action. suicidal people urgently need professional assistance,; your willingness to talk to the person about depression and suicide in a nonjudgmental way can be the encouragement he or she needs to
if someone you know threatens suicide or display warning signs, get involved: ask questions and seek help. specific actions you can take include: (list them and explain each) (8)
1. monitor the warning signals: keep an eye on person; do not leave him/her alone
2. take threats seriously
3. let the person know how much you care and that you are there to help
4. listen: try not to discredit or be shocked by what the person says. Empa
what is a reason of why people often do not seek help? solution?
-often the cost of the therapy and prescription drugs is a major barrier, since many otherwise comprehensive insurance plans may not cover the cost of mental health services
-talk to family physician about low-cost treatment resources in your region and s
what people think of seeking professional help with mental illnesses? (2) (3 reasons)
-many people view seeking professional help for psychological problems as an admission of personal failure
-However, increasing numbers of Americans are turning to mental health professionals, and nearly 1 in 5 seeks such help. researchers view breakdowns
consider seeking help if: (9)
-you feel that you need help or feel out of control
-you experience wild mood swings or inappropriate emotional responses to normal stimuli
-your fears or feelings of guilt frequently distract your attention
-you begin to withdraw from others
-you have ha
Stigmas
negative perception about a group of people or a certain situation or condition
what are common stigmas about mental illness people? (5)
-they are dangerous, irresponsible, require constant care, or that they just need to get over it
-derogatory terms (crazy, insane demented, etc) are still used to describe persons with mental illness
what is the truth about the stigmas of mental health? compare mental illness with chronic diseases
-they are false
-very few people who suffer of mental illness are dangerous, most live independently, go school or job and are normal members of society
-mental illnesses are like any other chronic diseases: you cannot just decide to get over it
how people that suffer of mental illness are affected by stigma of mental illness?
-leads to feelings o shame, guilt, loss of self-esteem, and a sense of isolation and hopelessness
-may lead people who are struggling with mental illnesses to delay seeking treatment or avoid care that could improve symptoms and quality of life
how can I choose the right therapist for me?
-the choice of therapist is very individual--seeing a mental health professional is a form of relationship, and as in any relationship, it is important to establish a connection. Depending on your concerns, you may need to find someone with a particular s
what you must schedule first if you are considering treatment for a psychological problem? then do what?
-schedule a complete evaluation first
-consult a credentialed health professional for a thorough examination
what are the 3 parts of the examination with the health professional?
1. physical checkup
2. psychiatric history
3. a mental status examination
what 3 diseases will be ruled out? why test for those in the physical check up? what else is checked? what will rule out?
-will rule out thyroid disorders, viral infections, and anemia, all of which can result in depressive-like symptoms
-a neurological check of coordination, reflexes, and balance to rule out brain disorders
what psychiatric history will do? (3)
will trace the course of the apparent disorder, genetic or family factors, and any past treatments
what mental status examination will do? (4)
-will assess thoughts, speaking process, and memory, and will include an in depth interview with tests for other psychiatric problems
what you should make sure about the therapist that you will consult? (3)
-verify he/she has appropriate training
-whether you feel you can work with him or her
-ask questions to therapist
what are the questions that you need to ask the therapist and youself in the first session?
-can you interview the therapist before starting the treatment? to help determine whether this person will be a good fit for you
-do you like the therapist as person? can you talk to him comfortably?
-Is the therapist watching the clock or easily distract
in most states, the use of the title therapist or_is unregulated. check credentials
-counselor
type of mental health professionals are in page 51
Types of medications used to treat mental illness are in page 52
what to expect in therapy?
-it will last an hour
-therapist will record history and details about problem that has brought you to therapy
-answer honestly and do not be embarrassed to acknowledge your feelings
list the 3 types of counseling (treatment models)
-psychodynamic therapy
-interpersonal therapy
-cognitive behavioral therapy
psychodynamic therapy (focuses on what, involves what (3) as a window into what_, goal (2))
-focuses on the psychological roots of emotional suffering
-involves self-reflection, self-examination, and the use of the relationship btwn therapist and patient as a window into problematic relationship patterns in the patient's life
-goal: not only to
Interpersonal therapy (focuses on what, therapy process, goal)
-focuses on social roles and relationships
-The patient works with a therapist to evaluate specific problem areas in the patient's life, such as conflicts with family and friends or significant life changes or transition.
-While past experiences help info
treatment for mental disorders can include various_
cognitive behavioral therapies
cognitive therapy (focuses on what and how helps person)
-focuses on the impact of thoughts and ideas on feelings and behavior.
-it helps person to look at life rationally and correct habitually pessimistic or faulty thinking patterns
behavioral therapy (focuses on what and what 3 concepts the therapy uses)
-focuses on what we do
-this therapy uses concepts of stimulus, response, and reinforcement to alter behavior patterns
cognitive behavioral therapy (become aware of what about you, allows you to change what)
-become aware of inaccurate or negative thinking
-it allows you to view challenging situations more clearly and respond to them in a more effective and positive way
cognitive behavioral therapy can be very helpful tool in treating _(what disorders)
-mental anxiety or depression
cognitive behavioral therapies are often combined with what treatment?
-pharmacological treatment (prescribed medication)
what is the spiritual spectrum found in undergraduates? what are goals of these college students? (4) how acceptable are to diverse beliefs?
-undergraduates show significant growth in a wise spectrum of spiritual and ethical considerations
-they wanted to integrate spirituality into their lives, develop philosophy of life, help others, influence social values
-students also reported high level
_% of college students say that they are searching for meaning and purpose in life
76%
_is one of the six key dimensions of health
spiritual health
what are ideas part of spiritual health?
-purpose in life
-sense of wonder and respect for natural world
-gratitude for things in life
-belief in universal spirit
how many college students focus on their spiritual health? percentage of college seniors that desire to become more loving person? how students express their spirituality?
spiritual and ethical concerns are important to most American college students.
ex: more than 80% of college seniors desire to become a more loving person.
-one of the ways students express their spirituality is by working to reduce suffering in the world
spirituality (who defines it and definition)
-national cancer institute
-an individual's sense of peace, purpose, and connection to others and beliefs about the meaning of life
what is the meaning of spirit in many cultures?
-breath, force that animates life
-when inspired, your energy flows
what is the spirituality definition given by Harold G koening?
-Harold G koening, one of the foremost researchers of spirituality and health, defines spirituality as the personal quest of understanding answers to ultimate questions about life, about meaning, and about our relationship with the sacred or transcendent,
how religion and spirituality are related?
-they are distinct concepts
-spirituality may or may not lead to participation in organized religion
-although spirituality and religion share some common elements, they are not the same thing
-religion services and practices can help a person to focus on
religion
system of beliefs, practices, ritual, and symbols designed to facilitate closeness to the sacred or transcendent
what percent of Americans 30 years and older believe in God, but not all of these responded identified themselves as being affiliated with a particular religion?
73%
characteristics that distinguish religion and spirituality: People focused
-religion: community focused
-spirituality: individualistic
characteristics that distinguish religion and spirituality: measure and subjectivity
-religion: observable, measurable, objective
-spirituality: less measurable, more subjective
characteristics that distinguish religion and spirituality: level of formality, orthodox, organization
-religion: formal, orthodox, organized
-spirituality: less formal, less orthodox, less systematic
characteristics that distinguish religion and spirituality: oriented toward what, direction
religion: behavior-oriented, outward practices
-spirituality: emotionally oriented, inwardly directed
characteristics that distinguish religion and spirituality: level of authority
-religion: authoritarian in terms of behaviors
-spirituality: not authoritarian, little accountability
characteristics that distinguish religion and spirituality: doctrine and goal
-religion: doctrine separating good from evil
-spirituality: unifying, not doctrine oriented
another finding was that _% percent of Americans affiliated with a religious tradition agreed that other religions are_. why?
-74%
-other religions are also valid
-because all major religions express a belief in an unifying spiritual concept, oneness with a greater power
-it seems that a majority of Americans recognize and respect this underlying unit of spiritual ideas expresse
By Brian Luke Seaward, what are the 3 facets of human existence that together constitute the core of human spirituality?
-relationships
-values
-purpose of life
what characterizes spiritual well-being ? (3)
-fulfillment of 3 facets of spirituality: is characterized by healthy relationships, strong personal values, and a sense that we have a meaningful purpose in life
explain how we look for spiritual growth in the inner facet of relationships (3)
-as we contemplate who we should choose as a life partner or how to mend a quarrel with a friend, we begin to foster our own inner wisdom
-healthy relationships are a sign of spiritual well-being
-when we are treating ourselves and others with respect, ho
values
-principles that influence our thoughts and emotions and guide the choices we make in our lives (behavior)
-set of fundamental rules by which we conduct our lives
when we are trying to engage in spiritual work in the values (facet of spirituality)?
-when we attempt to clarify our values, and then live according to those values
-spiritual health is characterized by a strong personal value system
what spiritually healthy people do that have a domain in the facet of spirituality of purpose in life?
-are able to articulate their purpose and to make choices that manifest that purpose
our relationship, values, and sense of purpose together contribute to our overall_
spiritual intelligence (SI)
spiritual intelligence (SI) (definition, and what abilities include (3))
-the ability to access higher meanings, values, abiding purpose, and unconscious aspects of the self, a characteristic that helps us find a moral and ethical path to guide us through life
-includes ability to think outside the box, humility, and access to
in the mind-body connection to human health and wellness understanding, list the general benefits of spiritual health (3)
-physical benefits
-psychological benefits
-stress reduction benefits
explain the spiritual benefit in: physical benefits (2)
-mind-body practices have a positive influence on health and connection may be due to improve immune function
-certain spiritual practices can affect the mind, body, and behavior in ways that have potential to treat many health problems and promote health
when we get sick how spiritual or religious well-being may help restore and improve quality of life? (5)
-decreasing anxiety, depression, anger discomfort, and feelings of isolation
-decreasing alcohol abuse and drug abuse
-decreasing blood pressure and the risk of heart disease
-increasing the person's ability to cope with the effects of illness and with me
explain why people that have spiritual health have improved health and longer life?
-their greater self-control and mindfulness training
-ex: incorporate mind-body practices that engages them in healthy behaviors and cope better with stress
does spirituality influence health?
-spirituality is widely acknowledged to have a positive impact on health and wellness. Benefits range from reductions in overall morbidity and mortality to improved abilities to cope with illnesses and stress
explain the spiritual benefit in: psychological benefits (3)
-spirituality decreases levels of anxiety and depression
-practices like yoga, deep meditation, and other mindfulness practices, can have positive physiological effects on the body
-people who have found a spiritual community also benefit form increased s
explain the spiritual benefit in: stress reduction (1 and 2 examples)
-stress reduction as one probable mechanism among spiritually healthy people for improved health and longevity and for better coping with illness
ex: religious practices support effective stress management. Increase mindfulness through meditation reduces
what are some ways to develop your spiritual health? (4)
-training body
-expanding mind
-tuning in to yourself and with the surroundings
-reaching out
how can you train your body to increase spirituality? (3)
-practicing yoga
-by energizing your body and sharpening your mental focus, jogging, biking, aerobics, dance, or any other exercise you do regularly can contribute to your spiritual health. ex: tai chi or qigogn can increase physical activity and mental f
yoga
system of physical and mental training involving controlled brathing, physical postures (asanas), meditation, chanting, and other practices believed to cultivate unity with the Atman, or absolute
what are two types of yoga? describe each
-hatha yoga: focus on developing flexibility, deep breathing, and tranquility
-ashtanga yoga: is fast paced and demanding and thus more appropriate for developing physical fitness than spiritual health
how many US adults practice yoga, according to a recent survey by Yoga Journal
15.8 million
how can you transform exercise into spiritual workout?
-begin acknowledging gratitude for your body and its abilities, and throughout the session, maintain mindfulness or your breathing
explain how can you increase spirituality with: expand your mind
-for many people, psychological counseling is a first step toward improving their spiritual health.
-study the sacred texts of the world's major religions and spiritual practices. Many find guidance in writings of great spiritual teachers. Be able to see
how therapy can help you? (5)
therapy helps to let go of past hurts, accept limitations, manage stress and anger, reduce anxiety and depression, and take control of life
all steps toward spiritual growth
what is meant by tuning in to yourself and to your surroundings to increase spiritual health?
-focusing on your spiritual health has been likened to tuning in on a radio: inner wisdom is perpetually available to us, but if we fail to tune our "receiver," we will not be able to hear it through all the "static" of daily life.
what are 4 ancient practices that can help you tuning in to yourself and to your surroundings to increase spiritual health?
-contemplation (studying)
-mindfulness (observing)
-meditation (emptying)
-prayer (communicating with the Divine)
contemplation
-study
-in the domain of spirituality,practice of concentrating the mind on a spiritual or ethical question or subject, a view of the natural world, or an icon or other image representative of divinity
examples of contemplation
-a Zen Buddhist might contemplate a riddle, called a koan such as what is the sound of one hand clapping?
-a sufi might contemplate the 99 names of God
-A roman Catholic may contemplatean image of the Virgin Mary
-spiritual people with no religious affili
most religious and spiritual traditions advocate engaging in the contemplation of _(3)
-gratitude, forgiveness,and unconditional love
what can be a form of practicing contemplation?
-keep a journal to record any insights that arise
-it provides a sense of overall calmness
mindfulness (definition and explain it)
-practice of purposeful, nonjudgmental observation in which we are fully present in the moment
-immerse in a moment, experience it completely with all your senses, this is mindfulness
-awareness of present-moment reality-holistic sensation of being totall
how do you practice mindfulness?
-living mindfully means to allow ourselves to become more deeply and completely aware of what we are sensing in each moment
-pursuing almost any endeavor that requires close concentration can help you develop mindfulness (ex: sports, work, sculping, paint
meditation
-a relaxation technique that involves deep breathing and concentration
-practice of emptying the mind of thought, of cultivating stillness
-quite the mind noise
why would you want to cultivate stillness in meditation?
-periods of meditate stillness each day enhances their spiritual health
-researchers have found experienced mediators show significant increased levels of empathy, the ability to understand and share another person's experience
-meditation increased capac
why should i care of practicing meditation? (5)
-practicing meditation can improve concentration and your brain's ability to process information; it can also reduce stress, anxiety, and depression, all important factors when trying to manage your classes and handle daily demands
how do you meditate?
-beginning by sitting in a quite place with low lighting where you will not be interrupted
-assume a "full lotus" position, with legs bent fully at the knees, each ankle over the opposite knee or legs crossed in front of you. rest hands on your knees, pal
List and describe the 4 meditation techniques to achieve emptying the mind
-mantra meditation: focus on a mantra, a single word (om, amen, love, God) and repeat this word silently. when distracting thought arises, simply let it aside
-Breath meditation: count each breath: pay attention to each inhalation, the brief pause that fo
after several minutes of meditation and practice, what state you enter?
-come experience a sensation described as dropping down, in which you feel yourself release into the meditation
-in this stae, which can be likened to a wakeful sleep, distracting thoughts are far less likely to arise, and yet may receive surprising insig
how long to meditate?
-initially: 10 to 20 minutes, once or twice a day
-in time, you can increase your sessions to 30 minutes or more
benefits of meditation? (3)
-as you meditate for longer periods, you will likely find yourself feeling more rested and less stressed, and you may begin to experience the increased levels of empathy
according to national survey, 45% of Americans use prayer for_reasons
health reasons
prayer
communication with a transcendent presence
what are the perspective about prayer? (what use it for) (9)
-payer offers a sense of comfort, a sense that we are not alone
-means of expressing concern for others, for admission of transgression, for seeking forgiveness, and for renewing hope and purpose
-focusing on the things we are grateful for can move people
the strategy of reach out to others to increase spirituality takes form as_
altruism
altruism
giving of oneself out of genuine concern for others
what is one way in which altruism can take place, which will help use to focus on spiritual health and enhance health?
-volunteering to help others
-work for nonprofit organizations
-donating money or other resources to a food bank or other program
-picking litter in neighborhood
what percent of Americans meditate at least once a week?
39%
benefits of volunteering
-referred as helpers high or a distinct physical sensation associated with helping
-feel stronger and energetic
-feel calmer and less depressed
-increase feeling of self-worth
community service can also take form of _
environmental stewardship
environmental stewardship (who defines it and definition)
-defined by Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
-responsibility for environmental quality shared by all those whose actions affect the environment
procedure to know it is a happy brain? what lobe is studied to know if it is a happy brain? what means by happy brain?
-monitor the brain to respond to series of photographs. some pleasant and some distressing
-monitor activity of left prefrontal cortex
-brain has more positive thoughts than negative, and when have negative thoughts, those negative episodes do not linger
how parents contribute to happy brain? (2) when affect brain?
-happy genes
-loving childhood
-anger and critical parents can alter child's happiness level until about the age of 16
can adults affect their levels of happiness?
yes
in the book "the how of happiness," how Dr. Sonja Lyubomirsky splits happiness determinants? (include percentages)
-overall joy is sliced like a pie
-50% is determined by genes
-10% comes from life circumstances. where you live, how much money you make, how you look
-40% you can control (intentional activities we can choose to engage in, things we do and think that ca
why life circumstances only account for 10% of total happiness?
because after big happiness events, like plastic surgery, win lottery, and marrying, the happiness levels go back to normal ranges
in happy brains video, what are some qualities of happy people?
-optimistic
-pursuing life goals
-nurture meaningful relationships
what about study Buddhist monks, who spend their lives deliberately forcing positive emotions?
-their happiness is off the charts
-if a person sits quietly for half hour a day, just thinking about kindness and compassion, their brain will show noticeable will show noticeable changes in just two weeks. change brain in positive way
what are strategies in happy brains to increase happiness? (4) what is the overall conclusion of the video?
-gratitude
-forgiveness
-relationships
-savoring the present moment
happiness is within us. we can determine it
what are some factors that influence our psychosocial health?
Resiliency and the ability to deal with difficult circumstances, face life with a positive attitude, and have confidence in our ability to accomplish challenging tasks are other important factors that influence our psychosocial health.
what is the most common mental illness?
anxiety disorders
generalized anxiety is_(definition and what gender is more likely to have it)
a persistent, low-level feeling of discomfort and dread that is twice as common in women than men
after anxiety, what is the most common illness?
depression
what are symptoms of depression? (4)
symptoms such as a loss in the ability to feel joy, and serious problems eating, sleeping, or maintaining confidence that we can cope with our day to day lives.
It's thought that as many as _% of us may experience clinical depression at some point in our lives About _% of individuals who are depressed actually attempt suicide.
-10
-15
how different men vs women react to depression?
The two sexes also seem to cope with depression in very different ways. Consider Mary and Steve, for example. Mary took it very hard when she and Steve broke up. She thought about him constantly, wondering over and over what had gone wrong, and if she cou
what population is at most risk of committing suicide because of depression?
College students in particular are more at-risk than the rest of the population.
what to do if you suspect someone wants to suicide?
If you are ever faced with a situation in which a friend or family member's behavior concerns you enough to believe they might be suicidal, ask them outright if they're considering it. If they say yes, ask them how they would do it. If they give you a wel
If mindfulness is our ability to be truly present in the moment, does it characterize the a) mental or
b) spiritual aspect of psychosocial health?
The answer is B. Spirituality is defined as the way in which we make sense of our lives and find meaning in them, recognizing our interconnectedness with others as well as our ability to be fully present in the moment.
Marty has failed math twice and is sure that he will never be able to pass. If Marty has become convinced that he's terrible at math and nothing he does will help him pass, does he exhibit a) external locus of control or B) learned helplessness?
The answer is B. When we give up because we have experienced repeated failures we forgo our ability to learn from past mistakes and convert them to successes, adopting a belief that we are helpless to do so.
A person who is psychosocially healthy is a) conscientious or b) introverted?
The answer is A. One aspect of psychosocial health is the willingness and ability to interact with others.
Which hormone regulates our "circadian rhythm," a) serotonin or b) melatonin?
The answer is B. While it is true that a big meal can leave us sleepy, and in part this is because we have increased our serotonin levels, the answer to this question is melatonin, which is the hormone which directly regulates our need and readiness for s
If subjective well-being is our feeling of inner peace and happiness, is this defined better by a) our satisfaction with our present life or B) our psychological hardiness?
The answer is A. Our emotional "hardiness" overall is itself actually a result of three factors: how satisfied we are with our current lives; the existence of positive emotions; and the absence of negative ones.
Zoloft and Prozac, two popular drugs prescribed for depression, are actually a) selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI drugs) or b) monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOs).
The answer is A. The SSRI drugs are the newest class of anti-depressants to be developed. Unlike the earlier MAO-inhibitors, people can use SSRI drugs without risk of interaction effects with foods like wine and cheese.
Of the following, which are the two most common psychotherapeutic approaches to depression: a) cognitive therapy and psychodynamic therapy or b) cognitive therapy and interpersonal therapy?
The answer is B. Cognitive therapy helps one to look at life in the present tense and to correct thoughts that rationally don't make sense, while interpersonal therapy also helps to correct relationship problems.
The number one health problem in the United States today is a) depression or b) anxiety disorders?
The answer is B. As prevalent as depression unfortunately is in the United States, it is thought that as many as 25% of Americans may experience anxiety.
Every winter, Stan becomes sad, irritable and apathetic, eating and sleeping more than during other seasons, all possible symptoms of a) panic disorder or b) seasonal affective disorder.
The answer is B. Due to a defect in the hypothalamus, some people suffer all these symptoms during those months in which they receive less exposure to sunlight.
If you went to see an individual who had received a Ph.D. in counseling psychology who was also trained in different psychotherapeutic approaches would you be seeing an a) psychiatrist or b) psychologist.
The answer is B. Remember that a psychiatrist is actually an M.D. who is able to also prescribe medications.
Good!
Which is not one of the four dimensions of psychosocial health? Is it a) intellectual or b) spiritual?
The answer is A - intellectual.
Is the thinking part of psychosocial health called a) emotional or b) mental?
The answer is B - mental health.
When we negatively evaluate an entire group of people are we acting in a manner that is considered to be a) cynical or b) prejudiced?
The answer is A - prejudiced.
Faith is an element in which dimension of psychosocial health, a) emotional or b) spiritual?
The answer is B - spiritual.
One's heredity and physical health are examples of which factors influencing our overall wellbeing? Is it a) external or b) internal?
The answer is B - internal.
What term describes our confidence that we can successfully accomplish what we have to, a) self-deprecation or b) self-efficacy?
The answer is B - self-efficacy.
Persistent sadness, lack of joy, problems eating and sleeping are all characteristic of a) clinical depression or b) anxiety attacks.
The answer is A - clinical depression.
Which anxiety disorder is characterized by irritability, difficulty concentrating, and sleep disturbances over a period of time, a) anxiety attacks or b) generalized anxiety disorder?
The answer is B - generalized anxiety disorder.
Most psychosocial theories suggest that it is possible to change our behaviors and mold our personalities. True or False?
The answer is True.
For milder depression, psychotherapy alone may be successful, but for prolonged clinical depression, drugs and psychotherapy are recommended. True or False?
The answer is True.
Most individuals considering suicide give no warning of their intentions. True or False?
False
what Mark twain said about laugh?
he who laughs, lasts
how laugh can improve health as web MD video explained? ()
-reduces stress hormones: like cortisol and adrenaline
-strengthens immune system by increasing interpherons, T-cells, and white blood cells
-reduce heart rate, improve blood flow, and stabilize blood pressure
-improves digestion
-speeds up respiration an
after eating a meal in a comedy show, what diabetes patients showed?
-their blood sugar levels raised less after eating a meal at a comedy show
Maslow's hierarchy of needs classifies human needs from the most basic to the most __________.
complex
A person who is experiencing sudden episodes of disabling terror may be suffering from __________.
panic attacks