psychological disorder
harmful dysfunction" in which behavior is judged to be atypical, disturbing, maladaptive, and unjustifiable.
people are fascinated by
the exceptional, unusual, and abnormal. sometimes we feel, think, and act abnormal.
the best way to understand normal
to study the abnormal
how many people suffer from disorders worldwide
450 million
how to mental health workers view psychological disorders
persistently harmful thoughts, feelings, actions. deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional behavior is labeled as a disorder.
deviant behavior
may be considered normal in one culture
ancient perceived causes
movement of the sun and moon. lunacy means full moon which = lunatics. evil spirits.
ancient treatments
exorcism, caged, beaten, burned, castrated, mutilated, trephination.
philippe pinel
from France, insisted that madness was not due to demonic possession, but an ailment of the mind
medical model
the concept that diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured. assumes that these mental illnesses can be diagnosed on the basis of their symptoms and cured through therapy, which may include treatment in a psych
bio-psycho-social perspective
assumes that biological, sociocultural, and psychological factors combine and interact to produce psychological disorders
biological influences
evolution, individual genes, brain structure and chemistry
socio-cultural influences
roles, expectations, definitions of normality and disorder
psychological influences
stress, trauma, learned helplessness, mood-related perceptions and memories
DSM-IV
manual to describe psychological disorders. most widely used system of classification. most recent describes 400 disorders. (60 in the 1950s)
insanity labels
raise moral/ethical questions about how society should treat people with disorders who have committed crimes.
neurotic disorder
usually distressing but that allows one to think rationally and function socially
psychotic disorder
a psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions
anxiety disorder
feelings of excessive apprehension and anxiety. Freud said we repress intolerable ideas or thoughts which leads to anxiety
5 anxiety disorders
Generalized Anxiety disorder, Phobias, Panic disorder, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
generalized anxiety disorder
persistent and uncontrollable tenseness and apprehension, autonomic arousal, inability to identify or avoid the cause of certain feelings. Freud labeled "free floating
panic disorder
marked by a minutes-long episode of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensation. people avoid anxiety situations. smokers have double the risk
phobias
persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation.
OCD (Obsessive Compulsive Disorder)
unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions). urge to engage in senseless rituals causing distress
obsession
concern with germs, dirt, toxins. something terrible will happen. symmetry, order, neat, exact.
compulsion
excessive hand washing, bathing, brushing. repeating rituals. check doors, locks, appliances, brake, etc.
mood disorders
characterized by emotional extremes. 2 principal forms=major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder
major depressive disorder
a person, for no apparent reason experiences 2+ weeks of depressed moods for no reason, worthless feeling, no interest or pleasure in activities or people
manic episode
a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state
bipolar disorder
formerly called manic depressive disorder. alternate between hopelessness of depression and overexcited state of mania.
depressive symptoms
gloomy, withdrawn, inability to make decisions, tired, slowness of thought
manic symptoms
elation, euphoria, desire for action, hyperactive, multiple ideas. great writers, poets, composers.
explain mood disorders
worldwide problem, needs a theory of why. common causes. behavior changes. depression can self terminate. stress can precede depression, increasing in teens.
suicide
most sever response to depression. 1 million people annually. whites twice as likely as blacks. women attempt more, men more successful. increase in adulthood (men). rich, nonreligious, single, divorced.
schizophrenia
literal translation is "split mind." group of severe disorders with disorganized/ delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, inappropriate emotions/actions. 1 in 100 suffer.
disturbed perceptions
perceive things that are not there.
delusions
false beliefs, persecution/grandeur, psychotic disorders
hallucinations
sensory experiences, no stimulation. can be auditory, visual, somatosensory, olfactory, gustatory.
positive symptoms of schizophrenia
the presence of inappropriate behaviors (hallucinations, disorganized or delusional talking) thoughts occur because of selective attention
negative symptoms of schizophrenia
the absence of appropriate behaviors (expressionless faces, rigid bodies)
flat affect
laugh at news of death or show no emotion.
cataonia
rub arm, rock back and forth, or motionless for hours.
chronic schizophrenia
develops slowly, doubtful recovery, usually negative.
acute schizophrenia
develops rapidly, better recovery, usually positive.
paranoid
preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations, often with themes of persecution or grandiosity
disorganized
disorganized speech or behavior, or flat or inappropriate emotion
catatonic
immobility, extreme negativism, and/or parrotlike repeating of another's speech or movements
undifferentiated
many and varied symptoms
residual
withdrawal, after hallucinations and delusions have disappeared
personality disorders
inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning. usually without anxiety, depression, delusions.
antisocial personality disorder
person (usually men) exhibit lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even to family and friends. formerly called sociopath or psychopath. may be aggressive or ruthless, clever con artist. can lack empathy/affection, no regard for right or wrong, manipulate wit
dissociative disorders
conscious awareness becomes separated from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings.
dissociative identity disorder
A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Also called multiple personality disorder. sense of being unreal, separated from body, watching yourself in a movie.
PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder)
4 or more weeks of haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, sleep problems. 10% women 20% men. surviving trauma leads to growth. increase personal strength, shifts priorities, promotes spirituality.
somatoform disorders
mimic physical disease/injury. test results either normal or don't explain symptoms.
conversion disorder
a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found.
hypochondriasis
a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease.