The hypothalamus
A) rests in the sella turcica.
B) is also called the neurohypophysis.
C) is located inferior to the pituitary gland.
D) regulates the secretory activity of the pituitary gland.
E) is located superior to the thalamus.
D) regulates the secretory activity of the pituitary gland.
The two functional portions of the pituitary gland are the
A) infundibulum and neurohypophysis.
B) pars nervosa and pars tuberalis.
C) neurohypophysis and adenohypophysis.
D) adenohypophysis and infundibulum.
E) infundibulum and hypothalamohypophysial por
C) neurohypophysis and adenohypophysis.
Which of the following is a subdivision of the anterior pituitary?
A) pars nervosa
B) pars distalis
C) pars hypothalamus
D) pars infundibuli
E) pars proximalis
B) pars distalis
The posterior pituitary
A) has a direct connection with neurons of the hypothalamus.
B) is controlled by releasing hormones produced in the hypothalamus.
C) produces hormones that regulate other endocrine glands.
D) stores lipotropins.
E) is not related t
A) has a direct connection with neurons of the hypothalamus.
The hypothalamohypophysial portal system carries hormones from the
A) anterior pituitary to the hypothalamus.
B) posterior pituitary to the hypothalamus.
C) hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary.
D) hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary.
E) anterior pi
C) hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary.
Hormone secretion by the anterior pituitary is controlled by
A) hormones of the thalamus.
B) neurohormones of the hypothalamus.
C) itself (anterior pituitary) because it is the master gland of the body.
D) the overall rate of metabolism.
E) neurons from t
B) neurohormones of the hypothalamus.
A function of the hypothalamohypophysial tract is to
A) move ADH from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary.
B) move releasing hormones from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary.
C) carry action potentials to the posterior pituitary causing th
C) carry action potentials to the posterior pituitary causing the release of oxytocin.
Arrange the following in the sequence in which releasing hormones travel through them.
1. Secondary capillary network
2. Primary capillary network
3. Hypothalamohypophysial portal vessels
A) 1, 2, 3
B) 3, 2, 1
C) 2, 3, 1
D) 3, 1, 2
E) 2, 1, 3
C) 2, 3, 1
Releasing hormones
A) travel on axons to the posterior pituitary.
B) increase anterior pituitary secretion .
C) cause action potentials to be generated by anterior pituitary cells.
D) are produced in the pars distalis.
E) decrease secretions of the anteri
B) increase anterior pituitary secretion .
Hormones are released from the posterior pituitary when posterior pituitary cells are
stimulated by
A) hypothalamic releasing hormones.
B) hormones from the anterior pituitary.
C) action potentials from hypothalamic neurosecretory cells.
D) the primary ca
C) action potentials from hypothalamic neurosecretory cells.
The hypothalamohypophysial tract connects the hypothalamus to the
A) anterior pituitary.
B) posterior pituitary.
C) pars distalis.
D) adenohypophysis.
E) infundibulum.
B) posterior pituitary.
Which of the following hormones is synthesized by the hypothalamus?
A) ADH
B) MSH
C) TSH
D) ACTH
E) T3 and T4
A) ADH
If fluid intake increases dramatically over a short time frame,
A) ADH secretion increases.
B) ADH secretion decreases.
C) there is no effect on ADH secretion.
D) ADH secretion stops.
E) none of the above
B) ADH secretion decreases.
A person working outside in the hot sun can perspire a great deal. This increase in
perspiration results in an increase in water loss from the body. Increased water loss causes the
blood osmolality to increase. This increased osmolality is "sensed" by the
B) osmoreceptors.
ADH secretion will increase when
A) blood osmolality increases.
B) blood pressure increases.
C) blood volume increases.
D) blood pH increases.
E) blood osmolality decreases.
A) blood osmolality increases.
Urine volume ____ when ADH secretion decreases.
A) increases
B) decreases
C) is not affected
D) declines
E) none of the above
A) increases
ADH
A) is produced by cells of the anterior pituitary.
B) is stored and released from the posterior pituitary.
C) has the uterus as its primary target.
D) travels on axons to its target tissue.
E) travels in the blood from the hypothalamus to the posterio
B) is stored and released from the posterior pituitary.
Oxytocin is responsible for
A) preventing release of insulin from the pancreas.
B) preventing the formation of goiters.
C) milk production by the mammary glands.
D) regulating blood calcium levels.
E) causing contractions of uterine smooth muscle during l
E) causing contractions of uterine smooth muscle during labor.
Oxytocin release is stimulated by
A) nursing a baby.
B) increased blood pressure.
C) increased urine output.
D) a hypothalamic-releasing hormone.
E) increased blood osmolality.
A) nursing a baby.
Which of the following hormones is secreted by the anterior pituitary?
A) ADH
B) TRH
C) CRH
D) FSH
E) Oxytocin
D) FSH
Anterior pituitary hormones
A) are all proteins or glycoproteins.
B) are transported in the hypothalamohypophysial portal system.
C) bind to intracellular receptor molecules.
D) have a half-life of hours.
E) are released as a direct result of action poten
A) are all proteins or glycoproteins.
ADH is synthesized by the ____ while TSH is synthesized by the ____.
A) kidney; thyroid
B) posterior pituitary; thyroid
C) hypothalamus; anterior pituitary
D) kidney; anterior pituitary
E) posterior pituitary; hypothalamus
C) hypothalamus; anterior pituitary
Growth hormone
A) increases amino acid uptake in cells.
B) decreases the use of fat as an energy source.
C) decreases the synthesis and storage of glycogen.
D) increases the use of glucose for energy.
E) facilitates the uptake of glucose by cells.
A) increases amino acid uptake in cells.
Which of the following will inhibit the secretion of growth hormone?
A) growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
B) growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH)
C) somatomedins
D) a posterior pituitary-inhibiting hormone
E) T3 and T4
B) growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH)
If growth hormone (GH) secretion is deficient in a newborn, the child will
A) develop acromegaly as an adult.
B) mature sexually at an earlier age.
C) be in constant danger of dehydration.
D) probably experience reduced bone growth.
E) probably experience
D) probably experience reduced bone growth.
Which of the following hormones promotes the breakdown of fatty acids?
A) lipotropins
B) somatotropins
C) gonadotropins
D) thyrotropins
E) fatotropins
A) lipotropins
Which of the following stimulates the development of follicles in the ovary?
A) ADH
B) prolactin
C) FSH
D) ACTH
E) LH
C) FSH
During a race, a long-distance runner twisted his ankle. He finished the race without
feeling any pain in his ankle. This lack of the perception of pain could be the result of an
increase in
A) gonadotropins.
B) lipotropins.
C) somatotropins.
D) epinephri
E) beta endorphins.
Synthesis of progesterone in the ovary and testosterone in the testis is stimulated by
A) LH.
B) MSH.
C) TSH.
D) ACTH.
E) FSH
A) LH.
Removal of the anterior pituitary would affect the functioning of the
A) thyroid gland.
B) pancreas isles of Langerhans in the pancreas.
C) parathyroid gland.
D) adrenal medulla.
E) kidney.
A) thyroid gland.
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (Gn-RH) regulates the release of
A) prolactin and oxytocin.
B) FSH and LH.
C) estrogen and testosterone.
D) progesterone and prolactin.
E) TRH and TSH.
B) FSH and LH.
Which of the following would apply to the description of a thyroid follicle?
A) walls contain a single layer of parafollicular cells
B) center is called the isthmus
C) stores thyroid hormone
D) small capillary networks
E) it is a solid ball of cells
C) stores thyroid hormone
Which of the following ions is necessary for thyroid hormone production?
A) potassium
B) calcium
C) iodine
D) sodium
E) chlorine
C) iodine
T3 and T4 are stored in the lumen of thyroid follicles as part of the _____ molecule.
A) thyrotropin
B) thyroid-stimulating hormone
C) thyroxine-binding protein
D) thyroglobulin
E) calcitonin
D) thyroglobulin
In the blood
A) most T3 and T4 molecules are found bound to thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG).
B) T3 and T4 are rapidly metabolized.
C) T3 is converted into T4.
D) T3 but not T4 is bound to TSH.
E) most thyroid hormones are transported in a free form.
A) most T3 and T4 molecules are found bound to thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG).
Which of the following events occurs last?
A) Enzymes break down thyroglobulin to release T3 and T4.
B) T3 and T4 are stored within thyroid follicles.
C) Iodine is bound to tyrosine molecules of thyroglobulin.
D) Thyroglobulin is taken into thyroid cells
A) Enzymes break down thyroglobulin to release T3 and T4.
Thyroid hormone interacts with its target tissue by
A) using the intracellular mediator system.
B) binding to a membrane bound receptor.
C) increasing iodine uptake in the target cells.
D) releasing thyroglobulin.
E) binding to receptor molecules in the n
E) binding to receptor molecules in the nucleus.
John Smith works outdoors in the winter at a ski resort. His thyroid hormone levels are
A) lower in the winter to conserve body heat.
B) higher in the winter to increase body temperature.
C) lowered in the summer after his job to decrease body temperature
B) higher in the winter to increase body temperature.
The presence of an exophthalmic goiter is associated with
A) lack of iodine in the diet.
B) hyperthyroidism.
C) too little TSH.
D) cretinism.
E) hypothyroidism.
B) hyperthyroidism.
Which of the following would most likely occur if the thyroid gland was removed?
A) increased calcitonin secretion
B) increased thyroid hormone production
C) increased TSH production
D) increased serum potassium levels
E) increased blood calcium levels
C) increased TSH production
Which of the following characteristics is associated with hyposecretion of thyroid
hormones?
A) weight gain
B) exophthalmos
C) warm, flushed skin
D) increased heart rate
E) weight loss
A) weight gain
Which of the following is involved in the regulation of thyroid hormone levels?
A) thyroglobulin in thyroid follicles
B) thyroid-stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary
C) positive feedback mechanisms
D) parathyroid hormone levels
E) blood calcium
B) thyroid-stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary
Which of the following is a target tissue for parathyroid hormone?
A) thyroid
B) blood
C) pancreas
D) small intestine
E) stomach
D) small intestine
The rate of secretion of parathyroid hormone increases when
A) serum calcium levels increase.
B) serum calcium levels decrease.
C) serum levels of TSH decrease.
D) serum levels of TSH increase.
E) serum levels of sodium levels increase.
B) serum calcium levels decrease.
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
A) tends to inhibit osteoclasts.
B) decreases blood calcium levels.
C) allows the kidneys to retain calcium.
D) increases calcium excretion by the intestine.
E) stimulates kidneys to excrete calcium.
C) allows the kidneys to retain calcium.
Overall, PTH _____ blood phosphate levels.
A) increases
B) decreases
C) elevates
D) enhances
E) has no effect on
B) decreases
In hypocalcemia,
A) incidence of bone fractures increases.
B) muscular weakness is common.
C) cardiac arrhythmias occur.
D) constipation becomes a problem.
E) the nervous system becomes depressed.
C) cardiac arrhythmias occur.
Julie was diagnosed with an aggressive tumor of the thyroid. Surgery was performed to
remove the thyroid. However, post-operatively, Julie's blood calcium levels began declining to
life-threatening levels. This decline is most likely due to
A) thyroid hor
C) accidental removal of the parathyroid glands during surgery.
The endocrine glands located on top of the kidneys are the
A) thyroid glands.
B) vestibular glands.
C) adrenal glands.
D) parathyroid glands.
E) renal glands.
C) adrenal glands.
The adrenal medulla
A) has acetylcholine as its major secretory product.
B) decreases its secretions during stress.
C) plays a role in the adaptation of the body for physical activity.
D) is stimulated by the parasympathetic nervous system.
E) is the oute
C) plays a role in the adaptation of the body for physical activity.
Which of the following is true?
A) The effects of epinephrine are long-lasting (days to weeks).
B) Epinephrine increases blood pressure.
C) Epinephrine decreases heart rate.
D) Epinephrine increases GI tract activity.
E) Epinephrine is a chemical of the p
B) Epinephrine increases blood pressure.
An injection of epinephrine would
A) increase heart rate, increase blood pressure, increase gastric tract motility.
B) decrease heart rate, decrease blood pressure, increase gastric tract motility.
C) increase heart rate, increase blood pressure, decrease
C) increase heart rate, increase blood pressure, decrease gastric tract motility.
The primary stimulus for release of adrenal medullary hormones comes from
A) the kidneys.
B) aldosterone.
C) the anterior pituitary.
D) the parasympathetic nervous system.
E) the sympathetic nervous system.
E) the sympathetic nervous system.
The major secretory products of the zona glomerulosa are
A) glucocorticoids.
B) mineralocorticoids.
C) androgens.
D) catecholamines.
E) cortisol and ADH.
B) mineralocorticoids.
A tumor in the adrenal cortex causes excessively high levels of aldosterone. The high
aldosterone levels cause
A) hyponatremia.
B) acidosis.
C) hypokalemia.
D) hypocalcemia.
E) hyperkalemia.
C) hypokalemia.
The zona fasciculata of the adrenal glands secretes the hormone
A) androstenedione.
B) aldosterone.
C) cortisol.
D) epinephrine.
E) ADH.
C) cortisol.
The glucocorticoids
A) stimulate gluconeogenesis.
B) increase the inflammatory response.
C) supplement the sex hormones from the gonads.
D) decrease synthesis of glycogen.
E) glycogenolysis.
A) stimulate gluconeogenesis.
Which of the following will decrease glucocorticoid secretion by the adrenal cortex?
A) hypoglycemia and stress
B) increased CRH production
C) increased plasma levels of cortisol
D) increased plasma levels of ACTH
E) decreased plasma levels of cortisol
C) increased plasma levels of cortisol
Which of the following situations might be the result of hypersecretion of
glucocorticoids?
A) weight loss
B) hypoglycemia
C) depression of the immune response
D) increased plasma levels of ACTH
E) proteins and fats are unused
C) depression of the immune response
If both ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) and cortisol levels increase, which of the
following would occur?
A) ACTH production is increased even more by positive feedback.
B) High cortisol levels will begin to cause ACTH levels to decline.
C) High ACTH l
B) High cortisol levels will begin to cause ACTH levels to decline.
Adrenal androgens
A) are produced in the adrenal medulla.
B) stimulate growth of pubic hair in females.
C) reduce the inflammatory response.
D) cause reabsorption of potassium ions by the kidney.
E) decrease the sex drive.
B) stimulate growth of pubic hair in females.
Which of the following glands is both an endocrine gland and an exocrine gland?
A) thyroid gland
B) adrenal gland
C) pancreas
D) parathyroid gland
E) pituitary gland
C) pancreas
A function of insulin is to
A) increase the uptake of glucose by its target tissues.
B) decrease the uptake of amino acids by its target tissues.
C) increase glycogen breakdown in the liver and skeletal muscle.
D) increase breakdown of fats.
E) increase g
B) decrease the uptake of amino acids by its target tissues.
Which of the following statements concerning the pancreas is true?
A) Most of the hormones produced by the pancreas flow into the pancreatic duct.
B) Both glucagon and insulin are produced in the islets of Langerhans.
C) The pancreas is located above the
B) Both glucagon and insulin are produced in the islets of Langerhans.
When blood sugar levels decrease,
A) insulin and glucagon secretion increase.
B) insulin and glucagon secretion decrease.
C) insulin secretion increases; glucagon secretion decreases.
D) insulin secretion decreases; glucagon secretion increases.
E) there
D) insulin secretion decreases; glucagon secretion increases.
Insulin is necessary for the satiety center to detect the presence of glucose in extracellular
fluid. When insulin levels are low
A) the person feels "full" or satisfied.
B) the person is intensely hungry.
C) the person is thirsty.
D) the person is sleepy
B) the person is intensely hungry.
Which of the following occurs when insulin molecules bind to their receptors on target
cells?
A) increased mRNA synthesis in the target cells
B) minimal uptake of glucose by target cells
C) phosphorylation of proteins in the nuclear membrane in the target
D) increased numbers of active transport molecules for glucose
Glucagon primarily influences cells of the
A) brain.
B) liver.
C) kidneys.
D) skeletal muscle.
E) pancreas.
B) liver.
In gluconeogenesis
A) glucose is used for energy.
B) glycogen is broken down to glucose.
C) glucose is formed from amino acids.
D) glycogen is synthesized from excess glucose.
E) glucose is formed from fatty acids.
C) glucose is formed from amino acids.
Which of the following would affect blood glucose levels?
A) fat content of a meal
B) gastrointestinal hormones
C) breakdown of glycogen
D) aldosterone production
E) protein content of a meal
C) breakdown of glycogen
Increased insulin secretion immediately following a meal will result in increased
A) fat catabolism.
B) glycogenolysis.
C) gluconeogenesis.
D) glycogen synthesis.
E) release of glucose into the circulatory system.
D) glycogen synthesis.
Which of the following helps to keep blood nutrients at normal levels six to eight hours
after a meal?
A) parasympathetic stimulation of the pancreas
B) breakdown of glycogen in the liver releasing glucose
C) increased production of insulin by the pancrea
B) breakdown of glycogen in the liver releasing glucose
A person with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) forgets to take their insulin.
This causes
A) alkalosis.
B) hypoglycemia.
C) decreased urine production.
D) decreased appetite.
E) hyperglycemia.
E) hyperglycemia.
During exercise the energy necessary to sustain skeletal muscle cell contraction comes
from
A) increased insulin production.
B) increased epinephrine and glucagon release.
C) decreased sympathetic nervous system activity.
D) storing glucose as glycogen.
E
B) increased epinephrine and glucagon release.
Insulin shock occurs when there is
A) damage to pancreatic beta cells.
B) too much glucagon is available.
C) a rapid fall in the blood sugar level.
D) overstimulation of alpha cells.
E) not enough glucagon is available
C) a rapid fall in the blood sugar level.
Secretions of the pineal body
A) include vasopressin.
B) may be involved with development of the immune system.
C) may inhibit reproductive functions.
D) increase the release of GnRH from the hypothalamus.
E) decrease the tendency to sleep.
C) may inhibit reproductive functions.
The amount of melatonin secreted by the pineal body is regulated by
A) the stress response.
B) blood glucose levels.
C) a person's individual metabolic rate.
D) the amount of sleep a person gets.
E) the photoperiod (the daily amount of daylight).
E) the photoperiod (the daily amount of daylight).
Autocrine chemical signals
A) influence the same cell type that produced them.
B) are secreted by some endocrine glands.
C) have systemic effects.
D) such as enkephalins may modulate the sensation of pain.
E) influence the activity of another cell type.
A) influence the same cell type that produced them.
stimulates synthesis of thyroid hormones
TSH
increases adrenal cortex secretions
ACTH
development of immune system
thymosin
milk production
prolactin
thyroid
T3
pancreas
glucagon
adrenal cortex
cortisol
anterior pituitary
prolactin
ovary
progesterone
beta cells
insulin
follicular cellos thyroid
T3
zona glomerulosa cells
mineralocorticoids
cells of parathyroid gland
PTH
neurosecretory cells
ADH
lack of ADH
diabetes insipidus
decreased amounts of thyroid hormone
cretinism
increased amounts of thyroid hormone
Grave's Disease
increased levels of growth hormone in adults
acromegaly
abnormally low levels of aldosterone and cortisol
Addison's disease
The ________ pituitary is a neural extension of the hypothalamus.
posterior
Another name for the anterior pituitary is the ________.
adenohypohysis
The hypothalamohypophysial portal system extends from the hypothalamus to the
________.
anterior pituitary
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is an anterior pituitary hormone derived from a
precursor molecule called ________.
proopiomelanocortin
Glucagon is synthesized by the ________ cells of the pancreas.
alpha
________ monitor the concentration of solutes in the plasma.
osmoreceptors