The most striking impairment suffered by Henry Molaison (patient H.M.) was
anterograde amnesia
Patient K.C.
could not access memories of his own past
Episodic memory concerns
nondeclarative information
______ amnesia is a loss of memories that formed prior to a brain damaging event.
Retrograde
The delayed non-matching-to sample test assesses _______ memory in _______.
declarative; monkeys
Which of type of brain damage has been associated with an inability to form declarative memories?
Damage to the dorsomedial thalamus and the mammillary bodies
People with Korsakoff's syndrome often show damage in parts of limbic system, especially the
fornix and hippocampus.
Declarative memory is said to deal with _______ questions.
what
In the delayed non-matching-to-sample task in monkeys, the subject
identifies an unfamiliar object in a pair of objects.
The main cause of Korsakoff's syndrome is
lack of thiamine.
Patients with Korsakoff's syndrome may _______ in an attempt to conceal gaps in their memory.
confabulate
Henry Molaison's (patient H.M.) surgery involved removal of the hippocampus and the
...
The mirror-tracing task is classified as a _______ skill, whereas learning to read mirror-reversed text is an example of a _______ skill.
amygdala.
A change in the processing of a stimulus on the basis of prior exposure to the same or similar stimuli is referred to as
sensorimotor; perceptual
Imaging studies indicate that the learning of sensorimotor skills, perceptual skills, and cognitive skills are all affected by damage specifically to the
basal ganglia.
Which type of nondeclarative memory is not affected by damage to the basal ganglia?
Priming
Place cells, which are located in the _______, become active when moving through an animal's spatial environment.
hippocampus
In rats, hippocampal _______ cells change their firing patterns when the animal is in
place
People with damage to the _______ have trouble with tasks involving skill learning, such as the Tower of Hanoi problem.
basal ganglia
You routinely order pizza from the same company, which is delivered in a red car with white stripes. After ordering pizza for a couple of years, you notice that any time you see any red car with white stripes you feel hungry. For you, pizza delivery car h
conditioned stimulus.
In instrumental conditioning, an association is formed between an organism's
its consequences.
As related to memory, which term does not belong with the others?
Semantic
The amygdala is directly involved in
fear conditioning.
You are riding on bus and catch a very brief glimpse of a ravine with rushing water as you pass over a bridge. The sensory impression you have of the view is called an iconic memory, or
sensory buffer.
Which memory store holds the largest number of items?
Long-term memory
Which of the following is not a basic process in learning?
Transduction
It has been proposed that post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can be reduced or eliminated by the administration of drugs that
block the effects of emotional stress on memory.
In posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), when a traumatic memory is reactivated it returns to a labile state; it becomes even stronger when reconsolidated in the presence of
stress hormones.
The three successive systems that are necessary for recall of a past event are encoding, ________, and retrieval.
consolidation
If the process of encoding were prevented during learning, then _______ and _______ would also be disrupted.
consolidation; retrieval
Which statement about plastic changes at the level of the synapse is false?
Synapses of less active neural pathways start competing for neurotransmitter by engulfing neighboring synapses.
Adult rats living in enriched conditions produce new neurons in the
hippocampus.
The increase of cortical thickness with enriched experience is probably mainly due to the increased
branching of dendrites.
Research shows that rats living in enriched conditions have more dendritic branches on cortical neurons and enhanced activity of _______ neurons throughout the cortex.
cholinergic
Information about corneal stimulation is transmitted to an area of cerebellar neurons via
climbing fibers.
Which structure is not required for the conditioned eye-blink response in the rabbit?
Hippocampus
Eye-blink conditioning depends on the _______ circuit.
hippocampus
In the simplest form of nonassociative learning,
an organism becomes less responsive following repeated presentation of a stimulus.
Which form of habituation represents a faster and faster habituation response across days, eventually leading to no response at all?
Long-term habituation
Under resting conditions, NMDA receptors are unable to respond due to the presence of _______ in their central channels.
Mg2+ ions
Which statement about long-term potentiation (LTP) is false?
NMDA receptors are fully active only when "gated" by a strong depolarization (via AMPA receptors) and the ligand calcium.
The natural ligand for the AMPA receptor is
glutamate.
NMDA receptors are gated by
the ligand glutamate and a strong depolarization of the membrane.
LTP in the hippocampal formation depends on the excitatory neurotransmitter
glutamate.
_____ LTP refers to the induction of LTP through training of an animal in a memory task.
Behavioral
In LTP formation, nitric oxide may serve as a(n)
retrograde transmitter.
The most convincing evidence for a link between LTP and learning comes from
behavioral LTP.
The adage "cells that fire together, wire together" refers to a hypothesis proposed by
Donald Hebb.
In human embryonic development, the beginning of the brain is evident in the anterior portion of the neural tube by day
22.
In human embryonic development, the crests of the neural groove come together to form the
neural tube.
The interior of the neural tube eventually develops into the _______ system.
ventricular
Which process occurs to only a limited extent after birth?
Neurogenesis
In the adult brain, neurogenesis is evident in the
hippocampus.
The particular fate of an undifferentiated cell depends partially upon which factor?
Cell-cell interactions
Which component is necessary for apoptosis?
Death genes
Which component protects neurons from apoptosis?
Neurotrophic factors
In the human cerebral cortex, the pruning of dendrites and axon terminals occurs last in _______ cortex.
prefrontal
Teenagers with the highest IQ show
an especially long period of cortical thinning.
The mitotic division of undifferentiated cells to produce neurons is called
neurogenesis.
Undifferentiated _______ cells, if gathered from embryonic tissue and transplanted into the brain, will differentiate and integrate properly.
stem
Which feature does not normally change during the life span?
Genotype
In the context of genetics, the term "expression" refers to
the way a cell makes an mRNA transcript of a gene.
Children who have inherited PKU can be helped by
dietary manipulation.
Methylation _______ gene expression through _______.
inhibits; DNA modification
Which statement provides an example of epigenetics
Mothering style affecting the developing brain
The physical characteristics that make up an individual are called the individual's
phenotype.
Neurofibrillary tangles are
abnormal tangles of neurofilaments.
Which observation led scientists to conclude that Alzheimer's disease is not simply the result of "wear-and-tear"?
People who reach 85 or 90 years of age without developing Alzheimer's become less and less likely to do so.
Patients with Alzheimer's disease gradually lose many of the basal forebrain neurons that produce the transmitter
acetylcholine.
In people with Alzheimer's disease, amyloid plaques are found in the _______, the cortex, and associated limbic system sites.
hippocampus
At present, the only way to identify Alzheimer's disease with confidence is through
postmortem examination.
Which of the following can postpone the appearance of Alzheimer's disease?
Adequate amounts of sleep
The use of _______ to identify amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles means a formal diagnosis of Alzheimer's can now occur prior to death.
Pittsburgh Blue dye (PiB)