_________ is a normal reaction to stress and can actually be beneficial in some situations. For some people, anxiety can become excessive, and while the person suffering may realize it is excessive they may also have difficulty controlling it and it may n
anxiety
relatively high prevalence:
- 18.1% of U.S. adult population (22.8% of these cases)
- relatively high prevalence - large sex difference - still not exactly sure of why this is large sex difference
- Women are 50-60% more likely to be diagnosed with an anx
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causes of anxiety: combo of genetics, childhood (past environment), present environment, and genetics (same as for mood disorders and depression)
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� __________: often it refers to a subjective state, a feeling that
one experiences when threatened. However, it also describes behaviors, such as facial expressions, freezing, flight, and avoidance, as well as physiological changes that accompany such be
fear
- ____________ = key factor in anxiety disorders (inhibits exposure to anxiety-provoking stimulus which could decrease the associated fear/anxiety)
avoidance
*****see slides!!!! overlapping circuitry of fear and anxiety:
- arrows show where area projects to to cause these symptoms of fear or anxiety (or in some cases, both)
- this area works to diffuse cues?
output is same (same biological reaction), it's just
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Fear Generalization is a Consistent Finding Among Patients With Anxiety disorders:
What is generalized fear?
- When a human or non-human animal expresses fear to a non- threatening context or cue
- Examples: PTSD
Social Phobias
- fear spreads from one par
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Fear Generalization is a Consistent Finding Among Patients With Anxiety:
large circle predicts uncomfortableness (anxiety/fear provoking), whereas the small circle predicts safety (neutrality)
- in between circles can also cause either response - shows ge
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The Hippocampus, Insula, Amygdala and PFC Are involved in Fear Discrimination:
- insula -
prefrontal cortex
hippocampus -
what are they responding to?
___________ - this is the area that is
most active most active during fear or anxiety-provoking situatio
insula
Anxiety Disorders Have a Genetic Component:
- Anxiety disorders run in families.
- Twin studies conclude that many anxiety disorders are explained by genes.
- Genetic Polymorphisms associated with anxiety disorders
- BDNF Val66met
- 5-HTTLPR
(- released d
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There Are Several Types of Anxiety Disorders:
- ________________________ are anxiolytic (anxiety reducing) drugs used to treat anxiety (e.g,. Valium and Xanax)
- They bind to GABA receptors and enhance GABA's inhibitory actions by increasing the flow of C
Benzodiazepines
Polymorphisms in the human genome: Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF)
~ 66%
single gene ???
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Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF): Met increases anxiety in humans
Increased anxiety when people carry the Met allele
- cal cal - 2 copies of cal
- cal met - one copy of each
- val val - 2 copies of val
single copy of cal enough to overcome met?
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Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF): Met increases anxiety in mice
introduced the genes in rats
which producing higher levels of anxiety that's similar to when you knockout the _______ gene???*****
less entry in center
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5-HTTLPR association with anxiety - see slide****
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Anxiety as a Developmental Disorder: serotonin transporter (5-HTT) - see slide*****:
why do we think of this as a developmental disorder?
- brain circuitry that controls anxiety is developing under different serotonin conditions from an early age
- less s
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There Are Several Types of Anxiety Disorders:
In______________________, unpleasant memories repeatedly plague the victim
thse victims show:
� Memory changes, such as amnesia
� Flashbacks
� Deficits in short-term memory
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Low Hippocampal Volume May be a risk factor for PTSD:
combat exposed/combat un-exposed: is this a risk factor of disease or caused by disease?
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Low Hippocampal Volume May be a risk factor for PTSD:
- Hippocampal volume correlations with post-trauma symptoms. Scatter plots illustrate relationship of symptom severity in combat veterans with PTSD
hippocampus volume correlates with post-combat experi
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There Are Several Types of Anxiety Disorders:
- Persistent memories and fears in PTSD may be a failure to properly extinguish fear.
- Projections to the amygdala may lose effectiveness in suppressing fear.
- PTSD victims may have an increased response to
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PTSD Patients super-suppress cortisol in response to dexamethasone:
- when you give a normal person dexamethasone it suppresses their cortisol, when you give a person with depression, it doesn't suppress, when you give it to person with PTSD, opposite eff
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PTSD is a disorder of fear learning: Impaired fear discrimination and extinction of learned fear:
- individuals with PTSD don't tend to extinguish as well (inability to extinguish) to a fear-cue as a "normal" person
- non-PTSD (control) can discriminate b
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PTSD in Females Associated with Pituitary adenylyl cyclase activating peptide (PACAP):
- If you map PTSD symptoms onto male and female participants with different levels of PACAP, PTSD symptoms not associated with levels of PACAP in brain in males, but it
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