asylums
18th century were created to house people with psychological disorders and keep them away from society. People were often mistreated.
antipsychotic medications
introduced in the 1950s and 60s
deinstitutionalization
1963 closed large asylums with the goal of treating people in their communities
voluntary treatment
a person chooses to seek treatment in order to obtain relief from her symptoms
involuntary treatment
a person is required by the courts or ther systems to seek treatment
psychotherapy
is a psychological treatment that employs various methods to help someone overcome personal problems, or to attain personal growth
biomedical therapy
involves medication and/or medical procedures to treat psychological disorders
psychodynamic psychotherapy
talk therapy based on belief that the unconscious and childhood conflicts impact behavior
play therapy
psychoanalytical therapy wherin interaction with toys is used in child therapy instead of talk
behavior therapy
principles of learning applied to change undesirable behaviors
cognitive therapy
awareness of cognitive process helps patients eliminate thought patterns that lead to distress
cognitive behavioral therapy
work to change cognitive distortions and self-defeating behaviors
humanistic therapy
increase self-awareness and acceptance through focus on conscious thoughts
psychoanalysis
therapeutic orientation developed by Sigmund freud that employs free association, dream analysis, and transference to uncover repressed feelings
behavioral therapy
uses principles of classical and operant conditioning to change behavior
cognitive therapists
help their clients change dysfunctional thoughts in order to relieve distress
biomedical therapy
treatment that involves psychotropic medication and/or medical procedures to treat the symptoms of psychological disorders
electroconvulsive therapy
uses an electrical current to induce seizures in a person to help alleviate the effects of severe depression
addiction treatment
treatment usually includes behavioral therapy and/or medication about 40%-60% of individuals relapse address communication, stress management, relationship issues, parenting, vocational concerns, and legal concerns
confidentiality
means the therapist cannot share what is siad with any third party unless mandated or permitted by law to do so
intake
therapist's first meeting with client in which the therapist gathers specific information about symptoms, support, and goals to address the client's immediate needs
benefits of group therapy
can help decrease a client's shame and isolation about a problem while offering needed support, members can confront each other about their patterns., economical
risks of group therapy
members of the group may be afraid to speak in front of other people, personality clashes and arguments among group members, concerns about confidentiality
couples therapy
the couple may be dating, partnered, engaged, or married, the primary therapeutic orientation used is cognitive-behavioral therapy, some couples seek therapy to work out their problems, while others attend therapy to determine whether staying together is
stress
is a process whereby an individual perceives and responds to overwhelming or threatening events
stressors
environmental events that seem threatening or demanding; stimuli that initiate the stress process
eustress
stress associated with positive feelings, optimal health, and performance
distress
when stress exceeds optimal level. performance decreases, health decrease
fight or flight
occurs when a person experiences very strong emotions especially those associated with a perceived threat
arousal
helps to prepare to fight or flee
alarm reaction
describes bodies immediate reaction upon facing threatening situation or emergency-(fight or flight)
stage of resistance
if exposure to stressor is prolonged
stage of exhaustion
stressor continues over long period of time- wear and tear
high stress levels
more likely to get sick when exposed to a cold
chronic stress
poorer antibody response following vaccine
anger and hostility
linked to heart disease
friedman
found chairs in his office were worn in particular ways, were cardiology patients somehow different than other types of patients?
type a
driven workaholics, seem to be in a rush, preoccupied w deadlines (heart disease 7X more common)
type b
more laid back and relaxed
problem focused coping strategies
similar to everyday problem solving strategies, involve identify problem, considering solutions, weighing costs/ benefits, selecting alternative
emotion focused coping strategies
in contrast consists or efforts to change or reduce negative emotions associated with distress (i.e., minimizing, distancing oneself, seeking something positive)
exercise
recover quicker from stress, might buffer deleterious physiological mechanisms of stress (i.e., telomere shortening, prevents damage to amygdala)
relaxation
mediation and relaxation response techniques (reduce sympathetic arousal)
biofeedback
electronic equipment help people gain control of involuntary bodily processes
social support
soothing often beneficial support of others boosts immune system, lowers BP
6 key variables to happiness
1) per capita gross domestic product (GDP a nations economic standard of living)
2) social support
3) freedom to make important life decisions
4) healthy life expectancy
5) freedom from perceived corruption in gov and business
6) generosity
psychological disorder
1)significant disturbances in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
2) disturbances reflect some kind of bio/psychological/developmental dysfunction
3) disturbances lead to significant distress or disability in one's life
4) disturbances do not reflect expect
the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
is the american psychiatric association's authoritative classification of mental disorders
biological perspective
views psychological disorders as linked to genetic factors, chemical imbalances, and brain abnormalities
psychosocial perspective
emphasizes importance of learning, stress, faulty and self-defeating thinking patterns, and environmental factors
diathesis-stress model
suggests people with underlying predisposition for disorder when faced with adverse environmental or psychological events
anxiety disorders
characterized by excessive and persistent fear and anxiety, and by related disturbances in behavior
phobia
excessive, distressing, and persistent fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation
panic attack
period of extreme fear of discomfort that develops abruptly and reaches peak within 10 mins may also experience sweating, trembling, fear of losing control, fear of death.
panic disorder
recurrent/unexpected panic attacks persistent concern over consequences, changes in behavior related to attack. ** fear of having another attack
GAD-(generalized anxiety disorder)
continuous state of excessive, uncontrollable, and pointless worry, concerns are often unjustified not part of another disorder worrying may help people avoid powerful negative emotions
obesessive compulsive disorder
thoughts and urges that are intrusive and unwanted (obsessions) and/or need to engage in repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsions)
compulsions
may be repetitive behaviors (e.g., hand washing, checking, ordering) or mental acts (e.g., counting, repeating words silently)
thought action fusion
belief that thoughts will come true
body dysmorphic disorder
preoccupation with imagined physical flaws that drive person to engage in repetitive and ritualistic behavior.
hoarding disorder
characterized by persistent difficulty parting with possessions regardless of actual value or usefulness
Post traumatic stress disorder
experiencing profoundly traumatic event leads to symptoms including:
1)intrusive and distressing memories of event.
2) avoidance of stimuli connected to event
3) irritability
4) proneness to outbursts
5) tendency to startle easily
symptoms must occur for
mood disorders
those in which the person experiences severe disturbances in mood and emotion. they include depressive disorders and bipolar and related disorders
major depressive disorder
depressed mood, most of the day, nearly every day. feeling sad/hopeless, and loss of pleasure and interest in usual activities, significant weight loss/ weight gain, fatigue/ loss of energy, difficulty concentrating/ indecisiveness
bipolar disorder
mood states that vacillate between depression and mania, more common in men
mania
extremely cheerful and euphoric mood, excessive talkativeness, irritability, increased activity levels
causes of mood disorders
imbalance in neurotransmitters, stress-increased cortisol-may precipitate depression
cognitive models of depression
cognitive diathesis-stress models propose that depression is triggered by a negative and maladaptive thinking and by stressful life events
hopelessness theory
proposes that perceiving negative life events as having stable (it wont change) and global causes (it will affect my whole life) leads to a sense of hopelessness and then to depression
rumination
can increase risk + depression
suicide
around 90% of those who commit suicides have a diagnosis of at least one mental disorder, most often a mood disorder
schisophrenia
hallucinations, disorganized thinking, disorganized or abnormal motor behavior, lack of motivation, reduced speech, lack of social engagement, inability to experience pleasure
delusions
belief contrary to reality (very odd)
disorganized thinking
incoherent thought processes (rambling)
dissociative identity disorder (multiple personality disorder)
separate personalities or identities, controversial, childhood trauma (coping mechanism)
cluster a
people w these display personality style that is odd or eccentric
cluster b
people w this disorders usually are impulsive, overly dramatic, highly emotional and erratic
cluster c
people w these tend to be nervous and fearful
paranoid
suspiciousness, mistrust of others
schizoid
lacks interest, desire to form relationships w others. Lacks close friends emotionally detatched
schizotypal
eccentricities in thought, speech, emotion, suspiciousness/ paranoia
histrionic
overly dramatic, theatrical, needs to be center of attention
narcissistic
self importance, fantasies of success
borderline
unstable in self image, cannot tolerate being alone, unstable and intense relationships. Impulsive.
avoidant
socially inhibited, oversensitive to negative evaluation
dependent
allows others to take over and ruin her life. clingy. cannot make decisions w/o advice
obsessive compulsive
pervasive need for perfection, preoccupied by rules. rigid/ inflexible
ADHD
thought to be related to dopamine, smaller frontal lobe volume, less frontal lobe activation, nicotine exposure may play role, not caused by bad parenting, sugar, food, additives
autism spectrum disorder
deficits in social interaction and communication and repetitive movements or interests, genetic factors play big role, vaccines do not cause them