define psychological disorder
a syndrome marked by clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior
define maladaptive
disturbed thoughts, emotions, or behavior that interfere with normal day to day life
who was the first reformer to take action against brutality as a method of treatment for the mentally ill?
Philippe Pinel
define the medical model
the concept that diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and cured. This is often done through the treatment in a hospital
define epigenetics
the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change
what is an example of epigenetics at work?
identical twins (with identical genes) do not share the same risks of developing psychological disorders because they each have their own varying environmental factors that influence whether certain genes are expressed or not
define DSM-5
the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition
classifies psychological disorders
define attention-defecit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
a psychological disorder marked by extreme inattention and/ or hyperactivity and impulsivity
what are two disorders that involve anxiety?
obsessive-compulsive disorder & post traumatic stress disorder
define anxiety disorders
psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or dysfunctional anxiety-reducing behaviors
define generalized anxiety disorder
when a person is unexplainably and continually tense and uneasy
define panic disorder
when a person experiences panic attacks- sudden episodes of intense dread and fear the unpredictable onset of the next episode
define phobias
when a person is intensely and irrationally afraid of a specific object, activity, or situation
ex. social anxiety disorder: shyness taken to the extreme
define agoraphobia
disorder that stems from panic disorders
fear/ avoidance of situations in which escape might be difficult when panic strikes
define obsessive-compulsive disorder
disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (compulsions, or both
define Posttraumatic Stress disorder
disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/ or insomnia
we all are expected to experience at least one traumatic event in our life. So why do some people develop PTSD and others do not?
because some people may have more sensitive emotion- processing limbic systems that flood their bodies with stress hormones
PTSD patients have smaller amygdalas
risk is two times higher in women than men
define major depressive disorder
occurs when at least five signs of depression last two or more weeks
symptoms cause daily distress/ impairment (not attributed to substance use or other medical/ mental illness)
define mania
hyperactive, wildly optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgement is common
define bipolar disorder
disorder in which person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and over excited state of mania
aka manic depressive disorder
define rumination
overthinking about problems and their causes
define chronic schizophrenia
aka process schizophrenia
symptoms usually appear in late adolescence/ early adulthood
psychotic episodes last longer and recovery periods shorten as we age
define acute schizophrenia
aka reactive schizophrenia
can begin at any age
frequently occurs in response to an emotionally traumatic event with extended recovery periods
define dissociative disorders
controversial, rare disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings
define dissociative identity disorder (DID)
rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct alternating personalities
aka multiple personality disorder
define personality disorders
inflexible and enduring patterns that impair social functioning
define antisocial personality disorder
a personality disorder in which a person (usually male) exhibits a lack of conscious in wrongdoing
aggressive/ ruthless
...or maybe just a clever con artist
define anorexia nervosa
eating disorder in which persons maintains starvation diet and can be accompanies by excessive exercise
define bulimia nervosa
eating disorder in which a person alternates binge eating with purging/ fasting
define binge-eating disorder
binge eating episodes followed by digress, disgust, or guilt
no purging involved