Syndrome
a set of related conditions
Comorbidity
the occurrence of two or more psychological disorders at the same time
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
a childhood disorder characterized by inability to focus attention for more than a few minutes, to remain still and quiet, and to do careful work
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
a childhood disorder characterized by severe language and social impairment along with repetitive habits and inward-focused behaviors
Joint Attention
the ability to make eye contact with others and to look in the same direction as someone else
Jolo is a 5 year old boy who does not speak, waves his arms around a lot, does not make eye contact, and does not seem to connect with other kids and adults. Jolo may have which disorder?
ASD
Kelly fidgets a lot, blurts out what she is thinking, and makes many careless mistakes in her homework, even when she knows the answers. Kelly most likely would be diagnosed with which childhood disorder?
ADHD
Psychotic Disorder
Psychological disorders of thought and perception, characterized by an inability to distinguish between real and imagined perceptions
Schizophrenia
a psychotic disorder caused by significant disturbances in thought and emotion, specifically problems with perception, including hallucinations
Positive Symptoms
the perceptual experiences associated with schizophrenia including hallucinations, delusional thinking, and disorganized thought and speech
Hallucinations
convincing sensory experiences that occur in the absence of an external stimulus
Delusions
one of the symptoms in schizophrenia; false beliefs or exaggerations held despite evidence to the contrary, such as the idea that one is a famous person
Negative Symptoms
symptoms that include non-responsiveness immobility, emotional flatness, problems with speech, and inability to complete tasks
Cognitive Symptoms (of schizophrenia)
problems with working memory, attention, verbal and visual learning and memory, reasoning and problem solving, processing, and speech
Word Salad
the speech of people with schizophrenia, which may follow grammatical rules but be nonsensical in terms of content
Diathesis-stress Model
Explanation for the origin of psychological disorders as a combination of biological predispositions (diathesis) plus stress or an abusive environment
Which of the following is a negative symptom of schizophrenia?
catatonia
The heritability rate for schizophrenia is roughly
80%
Low levels of which neurotransmitter might explain why people with schizophrenia have trouble with selective attention, cognitive control, and working memory?
glutamate
Depressive Disorder
the highest-order category of the depressive disorders; it subsumes all forms of depression, including major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder
Major Depressive Disorder
a mood disorder characterized by pervasive low mood, lack of motivation, low energy, and feelings of worthlessness and guilt that last for at least 2 consecutive weeks
Persistent Depressive Disorder
A form of depression that is milder in intensity but longer in duration than major depressive disorder
Bipolar Disorder
a mood disorder characterized by substantial mood fluctuations, cycling between very low (depressive) and very high (manic) moods
Manic Episodes
one mood cycle in bipolar disorder, typically involving increased energy, sleeplessness, euphoria, irritability, delusions of grandeur, increased sex drive, and "racing" thoughts that last at least 1 week
Hypomanic Episodes
consists of same symptoms as manic episodes but are shorter in duration
Cyclothymia
a relatively mild but longer-lasting form of bipolar disorder
Latresha is not hungry, is extremely tired, and doesn't feel like doing much of anything. She often feels that life is just hopeless. These symptoms have been going on for 2 months now. She probably is suffering from which mood disorder?
major depressive disorder
David's mom is usually depressed spent a lot of money on birdhouses for Christmas gifts for family and neighbors whom she claimed she loved like family. What might be going on with David's mom?
she has bipolar disorder
Which neurotransmitter is reduced in both the manic and the depressive phases of bipolar disorder?
serotonin
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
a state of pervasive and excessive anxiety lasting at least 6 months
Panic Attacks
brief episodes of anxiety associated with a perception of threat and occurring because of fear of danger, an inability to escape, embarrassment, or specific objects
Panic Disorder
an anxiety disorder characterized by panic attacks and persistent anxiety about having more attacks
Phobia
an anxiety disorder: an outgoing and irrational fear of a particular object, situation, or activity
Social Phobia (social anxiety disorder)
an anxiety disorder: fear of humiliation in the presence of others, characterized by intense self-consciouness about one's appearance, behavior, or both
Agoraphobia
an anxiety disorder involving fear of being in places from which escape might be difficult, or in which help might not be available, should a panic attack occur
The occurrence of two or more disorders at the same time is known as
comorbidity
Maya is so preoccupied with fear of embarrassment or humiliating herself in public that she avoids going shopping or out for walks in town. What disorder best describes this set of symptoms?
social phobia
People who are prone to anxiety are deficient in receptors for _______, a major inhibitory neurotransmitter.
GABA
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
an anxiety disorder in which obsessive thoughts lead to compulsive behaviors
Obsession
an unwanted thought, word, phrase, or image that persistently and repeatedly comes into a person's mind and causes distress
Compulsion
a repetitive behavior performed in response to uncontrollable urges or according to aa ritualistic set of rules
Becca has to count seven chews every time she eats. If she is interrupted, she has to start all over again. This is an example of a(n)
compulsion
Josh is consistently worried about getting sick from the germs everywhere he goes. He can't help but think about the germs, the germs, the germs. This is an example of a(n)
obsession
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
a type of trauma and stressor-related disorder that involves intrusive and persistent cognitive, emotional, and physiological symptoms triggered by catastrophic or horrifying events
Dissociative Disorder
psychological disorders characterized by extreme splits or gaps in memory, identity, or consciousness
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
a dissociative disorder in which a person develops at least two distinct personalities, each with its own memories, thoughts, behaviors, and emotion.s Some psychiatrists question the legitimacy of the disorder.
Somatic Symptom Disorder
a psychological disorder in which a person complains of multiple physical disorders that cause disruption and that persist for at least 6 months
Illness Anxiety Disorder
fear of somatic symptoms but without any somatic symptoms
What is one of the most serious and common mental disorders suffered by war veterans?
PTSD
__________ produce extreme splits or gaps in memory, identity, or consciousness.
dissociative disorders
The primary difference between somatic symptom disorder and illness anxiety disorder is
illness anxiety disorder doesn't have somatic symptoms
Personality disorders
patterns of cognition, emotion, and behavior that develop in late childhood or adolescence and are maladaptive and inflexible; more consistent than clinical disorders
Schizoid Personality Disorder
an odd-eccentric personality disorder characterized by a desire to avoid close relationships as well as by emotional aloofness, reclusively, and lack of humor
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
an odd-eccentric personality disorder characterized by a desire to live in an isolated and asocial life but also by the presence of odd thoughts, perceptual distortions, and beliefs
Paranoid Personality Disorder
an odd-eccentric personality disorder characterized by extreme suspicions and mistrust of others in unwarranted and maladaptive ways
Histrionic Personality Disorder
a dramatic emotional-personality disorder characterized by the desire to be the center of attention and by dramatic, seductive, flamboyant, and exaggerated behaviors
Borderline Personality Disorder
a dramatic emotional-personality disorder characterized by out-of control emotions, fear of being abandoned by others, and vacillation between idealizing and despising people who are close to the person with the disorder
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
a dramatic emotional-personality disorder characterized by having an extremely positive and arrogant self-image and being extraordinarily self-centered; other symptoms are an exaggerated sense of self-importance and grandiosity
Antisocial Personality Disorder
a dramatic emotional-personality disorder characterized by extremely impulsive, ruthless, and callous behaviors; a serious and potentially dangerous disorder
Avoidant Personality Disorder
an anxious-fearful personality disorder characterized by extreme fear of being criticized, low self-esteem, and avoidance of social interaction
Dependent Personality Disorder
an anxious-fearful personality disorder characterized by fear of being rejected and a strong need to be cared for
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD)
an anxious-fearful personality disorder characterized by rigid habits and extreme perfectionism; more general than obsessive-compulsive disorder
People with _______ personality disorders are so afraid of being criticized that they stay away from others and become socially isolated.
borderline
Individuals with which kind of personality disorder are most likely to commit crimes and end up in jail?
antisocial