Manifest Destiny
The belief held by most americans that it was their future to move across the country and take over the land. (manifest-obvious, destiny-fate)
Natural Resources
Any natural substance that can be used for economic gain
5 causes of Industrial Growth
Innovation, Natural Resources, Government Policies, Capitalism and Immigration
Vanderbilt
Launched his own steamboat company in 1851 and earned $26 million in one year. He established the interregional railroad system in the 1860's which lowered costs and sped up shipping rates. He financed the 2nd largest train station in the world.
Carnegie
Born in 1835 and in 1870's he cofounded his 1st steel company. He was the first to start mass-producing steel with the Bessemer process. The railroads were his biggest consumers. He was one of the greatest philanthropists of all time and the worlds 1st billionaire.
J.P. Morgan
He helped American industries grow and expand. He dominated corporate finance. The public did not like him but business partners did. He supported child labor and did not support unions. He was influenced by his father. He would buy struggling railroads and would build up stock and take in profits. Greatest banker in American History
Rockefeller
oil, richest man in history
Thomas Edison
In 1876 he established the worlds 1st research laboratory in Menlo Park, New Jersey. He perfected the incandescent light bulb and invented an entire system for producing and distributing electrical power.
Vertical Integration
A company's taking over its suppliers and distributors and transportation systems to gain control over the quality and costs of its products.
Horizontal Integration
Merging of companies that make similar products
Telegraph, telephone and electricity
The changing point of everything, made industries flourish because you could work longer hours and communicate faster.
Captains of Industry
Important people who dominate and change the industry for the better
Robber Barons
Important people who change the industry for the success of themselves
Factory working conditions
Conditions were dirty, dangerous, crowded, people were starving, long hours, low wages, when they were hurt no one would help
Labor unions
Bad working conditions, low wages, growth of Unions, the Homestead Strikes
Strikes
A work stoppage intended to force an employer to respond to demands
Homestead steel mill strike
was an industrial lockout and strike which began on June 30, 1892, culminating in a battle between strikers and private security agents on July 6, 1892. The dispute occurred at the Homestead Steel Works in the Pittsburgh area town of Homestead, Pennsylvania, between the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers (the AA) and the Carnegie Steel Company.
Gospel of wealth
is an article written by Andrew Carnegie in June of 1889 that describes the responsibility of philanthropy by the new upper class of self-made rich. Carnegie proposed that the best way of dealing with the new phenomenon of wealth inequality was for the wealthy to redistribute their surplus means in a responsible and thoughtful manner.
Social Darwinism
An idea of superiority to justify imperialism- survival of the fittest
Philanthropy
People who give their wealth back to society
Economic cause (US imperialism)
Countries needed raw materials to expand
Social cause (US imperialism)
U.S. thought "we are better
Military cause (US imperialism)
Military bases
Social Darwinism (US imperialism)
An economic and Social Philosophy based on the biologist Darwin's charts Theory of evolution by natural selection- survival of the fittest
Queen Liliuokalani
Last queen of Hawaii, in 1893 her reign came to an end and she was forced to resign and the U.S. took over
Takeover of Hawaii
Hawaii's monarchy was overthrown when a group of businessmen and sugar planters forced Queen Liliuokalani to resign. The coup led to the dissolving of the Kingdom of Hawaii two years later, its annexation as a U.S. territory and eventual admission as the 50th state in the union.
Purchase of Alaska
US bought Alaska from Russia for 7.2 million
Yellow journalism
Use of sensationalized and exaggerated reportings by newspapers or magazines to attract readers
President McKinley
declared war on cuba, aka the spanish-american war started
USS Maine
A U.S. warship that mysteriously exploded and sank on February 15, 1898
Causes and effects of Spanish-American War
causes- yellow journalism, explosion of the USS maine
results- Opened markets in Cuba and elsewhere, U.S. recognized as a world power, U.S. acquired colonies (Philippines, Puerto Rico, Guam, etc.)
Treaty of Paris
U.S. and Spain signed a cease-fire agreement on August 12 ending a "splendid little war." On December 10, 1898 the U.S. and Spain met in Paris to agree on the treaty, Spain freed Cuba and turned over the Islands of Guam in the Pacific and Puerto Rico in the West Indies to the U.S. Spain sold the Philippines to the U.S. for $20 million
Pro-imperialist messages
Economic benefit-close to china, increased trade, naval based, resources, labor, nationalism
Anti-imperialist messages
humanism, expensive, rebellion from the people
Philippine-American War
fought from 1899-1902, for Filippino independence
John Hay
Writer of the Open Door Notes, U.S. secretary of state, he issued the first foreign diplomat in 1899
Spheres of Influence
a country having control over another countries development and economy
Open door policy in China
free trade- equal protection for those who trade
Panama canal
U.S. starting building in 1904-1914, U.S. controlled the canal until 1999 when they handed it to Panama, 1000 ships used the canal in 1914 and today 15000 ships use it
Teddy Roosevelt
Roosevelt helps create the treaty of Paris and was the 26th president
Great White Fleet
When the president won congressional support for a new force of navy ships
4 causes of World War 1 in Europe
1- assasination of Austria- Hungarian archduke Ferdiand
2- Aliances
3-Militarism
4- impearilism
Western front
the trench system on the western front, from the north sea to france
Trench warfare
WWI fought in trenches, dug up about 4 feet under. Men would live there, nothing to protect them from weather, bodies everywhere, could get shot if they lifted their head above the trench
New weapons
weapons modernized, started using bombs an poisonous gas, started to wear gas masks and other forms of protection
Shell-shock
a disease soldiers got when they were exposed to bombs and loud noises continuously
CSR and PTSD
Combat Stress Reaction; Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
NOT the same thing
CSR leads to PTSD
PTSD could be fatal if not properly treated
Woodrow Wilson
president during ww1, wanted to remain impartial, joined the war and wrote the 14 points, although rejected the league of nations was still formed congress wouldnt join it
Isolationists
war in Europe is none of our business- isolate ourselves
Interventionist
The U.S. should intervene on the side of our Allies
Internationalist
Try to Work towards peace but don't physically enter the war
Neutrality
The US remaining impartial during world war 1
Unrestricted submarine warfare
Germany declared the area around the British Isles a war zone, in which all merchant ships, including those from neutral countries, would be attacked by the German navy.
Zimmermann Note
A message sent in 1917 by German foreign minister to German ambassador in Mexico, proposing a German-Mexican alliance and promising to help Mexico regain Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona if the U.S. entered war
Howard Zinn
wrote a novel on the resistance and causes on ww1
historian and activist best known as the author of A People's History of the United States. The book is written in the perspective of minorities, women and poor people
Believed U.S. entered war with Britain because it would boast our economy
Reasons for American entry in 1917
german u-boat sinking, killing over 100 Americans , Zimmerman note that proposed an aliance between Germany and Mexico to get Texas and Nevada back
Food administration
responsible for overseas food during world war 1
Committee of Public Information
Created in 1917 to popularize war with propaganda
Ad agencies created thousands of paintings, posters, cartoons, and sculptures to promote War
75,000 men were "4 min. Men" who went and spoke positively about everything relating to war effort all over U.S.
Convoy system
A group of merchant ships that travel with powerful warships for protection
Reasons for American Victory
Big men (dough boys) come in, full of energy and very strong and win the war because they haven't been suffering for years with the other skinny men.
Paris Peace Conference
in 1919, was held in the hall of mirrors at the Palace of Versailles. The European allies wanted to punish Germany for WWI
War-guilt clause
France wants this treaty in the treaty of Versailles so Germany feels guilty for the war and pays for the damages
War reparations
Payment for war damages
Fourteen Points
Americas war aims and President Wilson's vision for peace after the war. There were 14 key points and only the 14th point was wanted which created the league of nations
League of Nations
Created after the war but it failed to prevent WWII
Treaty of Versailles
Creates the league of nations, the U.S. congress does not ratify the treaty of Versailles